ArticleMaterials (Basel, Switzerland)2025
High-Performance Vacuum-Free Processed Organic Solar Cells with Gallium-Based Liquid Metal Top Electrodes.
Article in Materials (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Conventional fabrication of high-efficiency organic solar cells (OSCs) predominantly relies on vacuum-evaporated metal top electrodes such as Ag and Al, which hinder large-scale industrial production. Gallium-based liquid metals (GaLMs), particularly the eutectic gallium-indium alloy (EGaIn), represent promising candidates to conventional vacuum-evaporated metal top electrodes due to their excellent printability and high electrical conductivity. In this study, we fabricated vacuum-free OSCs based on GaLM electrodes (Ga, EGaIn, and Galinstan) and analyzed the device performances. Rigid devices with EGaIn electrodes achieved a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.6%. Remarkably, all-solution-processed ultrathin flexible devices employing silver nanowire (AgNW) bottom electrodes in combination with EGaIn top electrodes achieved a PCE of 13.8% while maintaining 83.4% of their initial performance after 100 compression-tension cycles (at 30% strain). This work highlights the potential of GaLMs as cost-effective, scalable, and high-performance top electrodes for next-generation flexible photovoltaic devices, paving the way for their industrial adoption.
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