ArticleAlzheimer's research & therapy2025
The economic burden of subjective cognitive decline, mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's dementia: excess costs and associated clinical and risk factors.
Article in Alzheimer's research & therapy, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Comparative efficacy and certainty of evidence of exercise interventions for cognitive outcomes in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Pooled it
- Reductions in neuropsychiatric symptoms after lecanemab treatment and their associations with imaging markers of β-amyloid clearance.The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease · 2026Article
- Longitudinal relations between sleep quality, psychological distress, and cognitive function among rural older adults: a cross-lagged network analysis.Psychological medicine · 2026Article
- Prediction of cognitive performance by demographics, sleep, and brain morphometry: machine learning findings from ENIGMA-Sleep Working Group.Research square · 2026Article
- Associations of cardiorespiratory fitness with structural brain networks in ageing: insights from The Maastricht Study.GeroScience · 2026Article
- The association between cognitive function trajectories and all-cause mortality in middle-aged and older Chinese adults with cardiovascular disease: A longitudinal study from CHARLS.International journal of cardiology. Cardiovascular risk and prevention · 2026Article
- Effectiveness of Multisensory Stimulation on Cognitive Function in Older Adults With Mild Cognitive Impairment: Protocol for a Systematic Review.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- Predicting cognitive decline: Comparative analysis of ANU-ADRI, CAIDE, CogDrisk, LIBRA, LIBRA2, UKBDRS and Lancet based dementia risk scores in the HUNT study.The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease · 2026Article
- Effect of Board Games with Mobile Applications on Cognition in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Quasi-Experimental Study.International journal of community based nursing and midwifery · 2026Article
- Role of Pentacyclic Triterpenes in the Management of Neurological Disorders: An Insight into Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- An interpretable machine learning screening model for MoCA-defined possible mild cognitive impairment in rural Xinjiang: a preliminary framework for resource-limited primary care.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Interpretable machine learning models for identifying cognitive impairment in middle-aged and older adults with mild and severe insomnia: development, temporal validation, and clinical external validation.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Article
- Preserved muscle function as a protective factor against cognitive decline: Longitudinal results from the FINGER study.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Observational
- Healthcare Spending Before and After Mild Cognitive Impairment Diagnosis: Evidence from the NHIS-NHID in Korea.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
26 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundWith the availability of first disease-modifying treatments, evidence on costs across the entire Alzheimer's Continuum, especially for early disease stages, becomes increasingly important to inform healthcare planning, resource allocation, and policy decisions. This study assessed costs and cost-associated factors in patients with subjective cognitive decline (SCD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's Disease (AD) dementia compared to healthy controls.
methodsThe German DELCODE cohort study assessed clinical data, healthcare resource use, and informal care provision. Costs were calculated from payer and societal perspectives using standardized unit costs, and multivariate regression analyses identified cost-associated factors.
resultsFrom a payer perspective, costs were elevated by 26% for SCD (adjusted mean 5,976€ [95%CI 4,598-7,355€]), 85% for MCI (8,795€ [6,200-11,391€]) and 36% for AD (6,454€ [2,796-10,111€]) compared to controls (4,754€ [3,586-5,922€]). Societal costs were elevated by 52% for SCD (adjusted mean 8,377€ [95%CI 6,009-10,746€]), 170% for MCI (14,886€ [9,524-20,248€]) and 307% for AD (22,481€ [9,994-34,969€]) compared to controls (5,522€ [3,814-7,230€]). APOE e4 negative patients showed higher costs compared to APOE e4 positive patients. Hypertension was associated with higher costs.
conclusionsHealthcare costs are already elevated in early subjective and objective cognitive impairment, driven by formal and informal care. The study emphasizes the importance of early interventions to reduce the economic burden and delay progression.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.