Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40571692›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2025

Longitudinal patterns of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder children in Shanghai, China.

XiaoYan Qiu, Daqian Zhu, Xuezhen Fu, Yanyan Huo, Xiangxiang Chen, Jiali Zhang, Shasha Wang, Aidina Aisikeer, Xia Hong, Haidong Lu and 2 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
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0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

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PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

XiaoYan Qiu *Department of Child Health Care, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
Daqian Zhu *Department of Child Health Care, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
Xuezhen FuSchool of Animation and Motion, Savannah College of Art and Design, Savannah, USA.
Yanyan HuoDepartment of Child Health Care, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
Xiangxiang ChenDepartment of Child Health Care, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
Jiali ZhangFenglin Community Health Service Center in Xuhui District, Shanghai, China.
Shasha WangDepartment of Child Health Care, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
Aidina AisikeerDepartment of Child Health Care, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
Xia HongDepartment of Child Health Care, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
Haidong LuSchool of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA.
Weiming TangInstitute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. weiming_tang@med.unc.edu.
JinJin ChenDepartment of Child Health Care, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200062, China. chenjj@shchildren.com.cn.

Funding

The Emerging Frontier Technologies Project of Shanghai Hospital Development Center SHDC12022114The National Key Research and Development Program of China 2022YFC2705203The 'Star of Jiao Tong University' Medical-Industrial Intersection Center Project of Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Star of Jiao Tong University
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This study aimed to assess dynamic changes in emotional and behavioral problems among children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Shanghai, China. Using a longitudinal design, school-aged children with ADHD were enrolled and followed, with emotional and behavioral measures repeatedly assessed. Due to varying COVID-19 measures and changing epidemics, and no intervention was admitted, an event-based longitudinal design was adopted, using calendar time from the enrollment of the first participant. Data collection spanned various pandemic control stages, including the Shanghai lockdown (March 28-May 31, 2022). Emotional and behavioral trends were analyzed using a Generalized Additive Model to capture the nonlinear dynamics effectively. Overall, 1102 children with ADHD (mean: 9.2 ± 2.4 years, 83% boys) were enrolled. Emotional and behavioral issues fluctuated over time. Behavioral problems, including inattention, hyperactivity, and conduct issues, peaked around day 260 of isolation and then declined but resurged after the Shanghai lockdown. Emotional issues, such as anxiety and depression, showed a dual-peak pattern, with early pandemic rises and a second peak around day 400. Symptoms rebounded after lockdown and persisted for an extended period. Sub-analyses revealed that boys had higher scores in hyperactivity and oppositional defiance than girls, with no significant gender differences in emotional problems. ADHD-PI children had higher emotional problem scores, while ADHD-HI children exhibited more severe behavioral issues. This study highlights the substantial impact of prolonged COVID-19 measures on emotional and behavioral problems in ADHD children, particularly increased adaptive pressures post-lockdown. Phase-specific, individualized interventions are crucial to mitigate these challenges.

Indexed as

Attention Deficit Disorder with HyperactivityCOVID-19AnxietyChildChinaDepressionEmotionsFemaleHumansLongitudinal StudiesMaleSARS-CoV-2Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorderCOVIDDynamic change

Identifiers

PMID40571692
PMCPMC12202803

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.