ArticleObstetrics and gynecology2025
Influenza Vaccination During Pregnancy and Infant Influenza in the First 6 Months of Life.
Article in Obstetrics and gynecology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Vertical Vaccination Against Infant Influenza Hospitalization in a Tropical Setting.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Management of Newborns Exposed to Maternal Influenza: A Scoping Review.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Effectiveness of Maternal Influenza Vaccination on Influenza and Acute Respiratory Infection in Infants.The Pediatric infectious disease journal · 2026Article
- Global vaccine development.Nature medicine · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo evaluate the effectiveness of influenza vaccination during pregnancy against influenza in infants during their first 6 months of life.
methodsWe conducted a cohort study among pregnant individuals enrolled in Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC) and their infants. We followed all infants from birth until the first occurrence of a polymerase chain reaction test result positive for influenza, the infant reached age 6 months, death, disenrollment from KPNC, or the end of the study on December 31, 2022. We used Cox regression to compare the hazard of influenza in infants whose mothers were vaccinated against influenza during pregnancy with those whose mothers were unvaccinated. Hazard ratios (HRs) were adjusted for calendar time, maternal sociodemographic and comorbidities. Vaccine effectiveness was calculated as 100% (1-adjusted HR). We evaluated the association between vaccination and infant influenza outcomes any time during pregnancy and by trimester of vaccination.
resultsOf the 245,498 infants included in the study, 46.0% were born to vaccinated mothers. The incidence of influenza was lower among infants of vaccinated mothers than unvaccinated mothers (0.12% vs 0.30%). After adjusting for covariates, vaccination during pregnancy was associated with a reduction in infant influenza in any clinical setting by 44.4% (95% CI, 31.4-54.9%). Vaccination during the first trimester was associated with a reduction in infant influenza by 11.3%, a reduction of 51.5% during the second trimester, and a reduction of 59.3% during the third trimester. The differences in vaccine effectiveness estimates that compared the first and second trimesters ( P =.02) and compared the first and third trimesters ( P <.001 were statistically significant.
conclusionInfluenza vaccination during pregnancy was associated with a reduction in infant influenza infection by 44.4%. The reduction in infant influenza infection was greater when vaccination occurred in the second or third trimester, compared with the first trimester.
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