Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40569976›Full record

ArticlePloS one2025

Adaptive DDoS detection mode in software-defined SIP-VoIP using transfer learning with boosted meta-learner.

Rume Elizabeth Yoro, Margaret Dumebi Okpor, Maureen Ifeanyi Akazue, Ejaita Abugor Okpako, Andrew Okonji Eboka, Patrick Ogholuwarami Ejeh, Arnold Adimabua Ojugo, Chris Chukwufunaya Odiakaose, Amaka Patience Binitie, Rita Erhovwo Ako and 6 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in PloS one, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

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0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

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PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

16 authors.

Rume Elizabeth YoroDepartment of Cybersecurity, Dennis Osadebey University, Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria.
Margaret Dumebi OkporDepartment of Cybersecurity, Delta State University of Science and Technology Ozoro, Ozoro, Delta State, Nigeria.ORCID 0000-0002-6063-8706
Maureen Ifeanyi AkazueDepartment of Computer Science, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria.
Ejaita Abugor OkpakoDepartment of Computer Science, University of Delta, Agbor, Delta State, Nigeria.
Andrew Okonji EbokaDepartment of Computer Education, Federal College of Education (Technical), Asaba, Nigeria.
Patrick Ogholuwarami EjehDepartment of Computer Science, Federal University of Petroleum Resources Effurun, Effurun, Nigeria.
Arnold Adimabua OjugoDepartment of Computer Science, Federal University of Petroleum Resources Effurun, Effurun, Nigeria.
Chris Chukwufunaya OdiakaoseDepartment of Computer Science, Dennis Osadebey University, Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria.
Amaka Patience BinitieDepartment of Computer Education, Federal College of Education (Technical), Asaba, Nigeria.
Rita Erhovwo AkoDepartment of Computer Science, Federal University of Petroleum Resources Effurun, Effurun, Nigeria.
Victor Ochuko GetelomaDepartment of Computer Science, Federal University of Petroleum Resources Effurun, Effurun, Nigeria.
Paul Avwerosuo OnomaDepartment of Computer Science, Federal University of Petroleum Resources Effurun, Effurun, Nigeria.
Asuobite ThankGod Max-EgbaDepartment of Computer Science, Federal University of Petroleum Resources Effurun, Effurun, Nigeria.
Ayei Egu IborDepartment of Computer Science, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross Rivers State, Nigeria.
Sunny Innocent OnyemenemDepartment of Computer Education, Federal College of Education (Technical), Asaba, Nigeria.
Elochukwu UkwanduDepartment of Applied Computing, Cardiff School of Technologies, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Wales, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0003-1350-4438

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The Internet has continued to provision its infrastructure as a platform for competitive marketing, enhanced productivity, and monetization efficacy. However, it has become a means for adversaries to exploit unsuspecting users and, in turn, compromise network resources. The utilization of filters, gateways, firewalls, and intrusion detection systems has only minimized the effects of adversaries. Thus, with the constant evolution of exploitation and penetrative techniques in network security, security experts are required to also evolve their mitigation and defensive measures by using advanced tools such as machine learning approach(es) poised to help detect and stop as close to its source, any attack or threat. This will help to quickly identify malicious packets and prevent resource exploits and service disruption. To curb these, studies have sought to minimize the effects of these attacks via advanced machine learning (ML) inspired tools. Traditional ML performance is often degraded due to: (a) its simplistic design that is unsuitable to handle categorical datasets effectively, and (b) its adoption of hill-climbing mode that yields solution(s) that are stuck at local maxima. To avoid such pitfalls, we use deep learning (DL) schemes based on recurrent networks. They present the demerits of the vanishing gradient problem and require longer training time. To curb the challenges of ML and DL, we propose a transfer learning scheme with 3-base (BiGRU, BiLSTM, and Random Forest) classifiers and XGBoost meta-learner to aid effective identification of DDoS. The ensemble yields Accuracy and F1 of 1.000 to effectively classify 314,102-DDoS-cases during its evaluation. The proposed ensemble demonstrates that it can efficiently identify malicious packets for DDoS attacks in network transactions.

Indexed as

Computer SecurityMachine LearningSoftwareAlgorithmsHumansInternet

Identifiers

PMID40569976
PMCPMC12200684

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LicenceCC BY
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.