False memories activate distinct brain regions in females and males.

The constructive process of memory is generally successful; however, it can also lead to memory failures such as false memories. Although true memories and false memories rely on some of the same brain regions, these memory types are also mediated by distinct neural substrates. Of relevance, there is a growing body of evidence that there are sex differences in the brain during true memories. However, no studies have investigated whether there are neural sex differences during false memories. In the current fMRI study, across all subjects, false memories produced activity in the precentral sulcus and superior parietal lobule, replicating previous findings. Males produced greater activity than females in the precuneus, posterior cingulate cortex, parietooccipital sulcus, and fusiform gyrus. Females produced greater activity than males in the medial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, paracentral lobule, supramarginal gyrus, lateral sulcus, cingulate sulcus, the putamen, and V1. An interaction analysis revealed a significant interaction between sex and region with a higher magnitude of activity in the hippocampus for males than females and a higher magnitude of activity in V1 for females than males. The current results suggest that false memories are supported by distinct brain regions and cognitive processes in females and males.