School-wide attendance rates and firearm-involved expulsions in Michigan K-12 public schools, 2018-2022.

Rebeccah Sokol, V Medina Del Toro, M Degli Esposti, P D Kernsmith, B G Victor, H-F Hsieh, J E Heinze

Abstract read

In one paragraph

Article in Journal of school violence, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Rebeccah SokolSchool of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.

V Medina Del ToroInstitute for Firearm Injury Prevention, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.

M Degli EspostiInstitute for Firearm Injury Prevention, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.

P D KernsmithLuskin School of Public Affairs, Department of Social Welfare, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.

B G VictorSchool of Social Work, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA.

H-F HsiehInstitute for Firearm Injury Prevention, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.

J E HeinzeInstitute for Firearm Injury Prevention, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.

Funding

NCIPC CDC HHS R01 CE003536

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This ecological study estimated associations between school-wide attendance and expulsions for student firearm possession using administrative data for Michigan public K-12 schools from 2018-2022 (N=2,866 schools). Between the 2018-19 and 2021-22 school years, 77 Michigan public schools (2.7%) expelled students for firearm possession. In unadjusted models, higher rates of on-track attendance (i.e., the proportion of students who attend ≥90% of school days) were associated with lower odds of the school having an expulsion for student firearm possession (OR=0.96; 95% CI=0.95, 0.97). This association remained after adjusting for student body demographics, school building characteristics, and school rates of student interpersonal violence and discipline (aOR=0.97; 95% CI=0.95, 0.98). Efforts to improve school-wide attendance may offer a primary and universal prevention avenue against student firearm possession.

Indexed as

ecological studyfirearmsschoolschool violence

Identifiers

PMID40567912

DOI10.1080/15388220.2025.2491812

PMCPMC12188994

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.