Estimation of lower limb torque: a novel hybrid method based on continuous wavelet transform and deep learning approach.

Biomechanical analysis of the human lower limbs plays a critical role in movement assessment, injury prevention, and rehabilitation guidance. Traditional gait analysis techniques, such as optical motion capture systems and biomechanical force platforms, are limited by high costs, operational complexity, and restricted applicability. In view of this, this study proposes a cost-effective and user-friendly approach that integrates inertial measurement units (IMUs) with a novel deep learning framework for real-time lower limb joint torque estimation. The proposed method combines time-frequency domain analysis through continuous wavelet transform (CWT) with a hybrid architecture comprising multi-head self-attention (MHSA), bidirectional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM), and a one-dimensional convolutional residual network (1D Conv ResNet). This integration enhances feature extraction, noise suppression, and temporal dependency modeling, particularly for non-stationary and nonlinear signals in dynamic environments. Experimental validation on public datasets demonstrates high accuracy, with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.16 N·m/kg, Coefficient of Determination (