ArticlePsychiatry investigation2025
A Global Perspective on Incidence and Regional Trends of Opioid Use Disorders From 1990 to 2021.
Article in Psychiatry investigation, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Barriers and facilitators to methadone dispensing for opioid use disorder in community pharmacies: A scoping review.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2026Review
- National trends in drug-related hospitalizations and registered drug-related deaths in Ecuador, 2004-2024: a nationwide serial cross-sectional study.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Global and regional burdens of opioid use disorder from 1990 to 2021, with future forecasts to 2050: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveOpioid use disorders (OUDs) have become a significant global public health challenge. Despite extensive research on the opioid crisis, the trends in incidence and regional disparities remain inadequately understood.
methodsData were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease 2021, covering 204 countries and territories. OUDs incidence cases and rates per 100,000 population were analyzed over the study period. Trends were evaluated using the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC).
resultsGlobally, OUDs cases increased by 49.25% from 1,301,551 (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 1,077,634 to 1,598,053) in 1990 to 1,942,525 (95% UI: 1,643,342 to 2,328,363) in 2021. The incidence rate in 2021 was 24.62 per 100,000 population, with an EAPC of -0.25 (95% confidence interval: -0.39 to -0.1). Males had slightly higher rates than females (25.39 vs. 23.84 per 100,000). Individuals aged 15-49 years carried the highest burden, while older age groups showed the largest increases in cases. High-income North America reported the highest incidence rate in 2021 (123.28 per 100,000) and the largest case increase (425.34%). Among countries, the United States had the highest incidence rate increase (EAPC: 5.55), while Switzerland experienced the largest decline (EAPC: -4.33). A moderate positive correlation was identified between 2021 incidence rates and socio-demographic development (ρ=0.382, p<0.001).
conclusionThis study highlights substantial global variability in OUDs trends, with significant differences across regions, sexes, age groups, and countries. Findings emphasize the need for tailored prevention and treatment strategies.
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