Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40565395›Full record

ArticleHealthcare (Basel, Switzerland)2025

Identifying Areas with Low Access to the COVID-19 Vaccine: A New Objective Framework Incorporating Mobility Data.

Defeng Tao, Joseph Agor, Jessina McGregor, Trevor Douglass, Andrew Gibler, Hector A Vergara

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Defeng TaoSchool of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering, Oregon State University, 224 Rogers Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.ORCID 0009-0009-8380-9609
Joseph AgorJohns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, 11100 Johns Hopkins Rd., Laurel, MD 20723, USA.
Jessina McGregorCollege of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, 1601 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
Trevor DouglassPharmacy and Policy Programs, Oregon Health Authority, 500 Summer Street NE, E-65, Salem, OR 97301, USA.
Andrew GiblerPharmacy and Policy Programs, Oregon Health Authority, 500 Summer Street NE, E-65, Salem, OR 97301, USA.
Hector A VergaraSchool of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering, Oregon State University, 224 Rogers Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-9693-1402

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThe disparities observed in COVID-19 vaccine access at the early stages of vaccine distribution highlight the need for vaccine distribution plans that consider equitable access. Strategies to identify areas with low access to vaccines that use a single pre-specified distance or time as a threshold to define accessibility may not represent reality. We propose a novel mobility data-driven (MDD) definition to identify areas that have low access to the COVID-19 vaccine.

methodsWe collected geospatial mobility data for our MDD approach to determine areas of low access. We identified census tracts in Oregon with low access to the COVID-19 vaccine through two approaches-(1) an adapted United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) food desert definition and (2) our proposed MDD framework. Ten spatial and social measures of access were utilized to compare these two approaches.

resultsCompered with USDA, low-access census tracts identified by the MDD definition have a lower spatial accessibility; higher rates of poverty, unemployment, uninsured individuals, and a population without high school diplomas; and a low per capita income. Moreover, we found that the proportion of older populations, as well as American Indian and Alaskan Native populations, as identified in the MDD low-access census tracts, is higher than that in the USDA definition.

conclusionsWe believe that the new proposed framework using mobility data can identify more representative areas that have low access to COVID-19 vaccines. Our proposed framework provides a starting point for achieving the goal of the equitable distribution of resources.

Indexed as

access disparitiesaccess seasonalityCOVID-19health equityracial disparities in accessspatial accessvaccines

Identifiers

PMID40565395
PMCPMC12192818

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.