ReviewBiomedicines2025
Extracellular Vesicles and PD-L1-A Review of Complex Immunoregulatory Properties and Clinical Importance.
Review in Biomedicines, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed.
- Comprehensive Review of Extracellular Vesicles in Thyroid Cancer: From Methodological Approaches to Biological Functions and Clinical Applications.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Extracellular vesicles in osteosarcoma: bridging resistance, immunity, and clinical translation.Journal of bone oncology · 2026Review
- The impairment of CD3+ T lymphocytes in sentinel lymph node of high-risk cutaneous melanoma patients in stage IIB and IIC.Journal of pathology and translational medicine · 2026Article
- Immune Regulation and the Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Biological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Perspectives.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- The Follicular Immune Checkpoint: PD-1/PD-L1 and Immune Tolerance in Oocyte Competence and IVF Failure.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Engineering a PD-L1-sensing synthetic receptor for programmable macrophage response.Journal of biological engineering · 2026Article
- Macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles in the remodeling of the prostate cancer immune microenvironment and therapeutic resistance.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- Review
- An updated review on the role of extracellular vesicles in immune system modulation in breast cancer with special emphasis on immune checkpoint regulators.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Extracellular vesicles decoying across host immunity.Journal of leukocyte biology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound structures released by cells that contain bioactive cargo such as cytokines or non-coding RNA. It is widely known that EVs influence the activity of other cells; they take part in the pathogenesis and compensatory mechanisms of multiple diseases. Frequently, EVs can share the properties of their source cells, thus allowing the use of EVs as non-cellular vectors or therapeutic agents. Importantly, these structures can express the ligand for the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-L1). It binds to the PD-1 protein present on the immune cells, which suppresses the activity of T cells. The PD-1/PD-L1 axis is widely known in the field of oncology, as PD-L1 present on the surface of cancer cells inhibits cytotoxic activity of T cells, thus promoting cancer growth and treatment resistance. Immunotherapy prevents PD-1/PD-L1 binding and restores anticancer properties of the immune cells. By contrast, the above-mentioned binding is desired in the context of autoimmunity, where abnormal activity of immune cells is a hallmark element in the pathogenesis of these conditions. The aim of this review is to present and discuss the latest findings regarding the role of EVs-PD-L1 in cancer and autoimmunity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.