Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40562833›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2025

Halitosis among users of electronic nicotine delivery systems in a multi-center cross-sectional study.

Saadi M Saleh, Abdelrahman Shata, Ali Malik Tiryag, Bishoy G Malak, Ahmad M A Okour, Maher A Atiyah, Wisam Al-Khaboori, Mahmoud Raslan, Abanob A Helmy, Ata Al-Howaity and 7 more

Abstract readMulticenter Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

17 authors.

Saadi M SalehFaculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt. ssaleh3@hamad.qa.
Abdelrahman ShataFaculty of Medicine, Horus University, New Damietta, Egypt.
Ali Malik TiryagCollege of Nursing, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq.
Bishoy G MalakFaculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
Ahmad M A OkourFaculty of Medicine, Hashemite University, Al-Zarqa, Jordan.
Maher A AtiyahCollege of Nursing, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq.
Wisam Al-KhabooriFaculty of Medicine, Mu'tah University, Al-Karak, Jordan.
Mahmoud RaslanFaculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
Abanob A HelmyFaculty of Medicine Modern University for Technology & Information (MTI), Cairo, Egypt.
Ata Al-HowaityFaculty of Medicine, Hashemite University, Al-Zarqa, Jordan.
Rana Nasser SaeedFaculty of Medicine, University of Science and Technology, Sana'a, Yemen.
Menna M AboelkhierMaster program, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
Mahmoud Ubdlsalam AldahoudFaculty of Medicine, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria.
Abdallah S MalkawiFaculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan.
Omar HabibFaculty of Medicine, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt.
Nermin Adly HassanDepartment of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine of Benha University, Benha, Egypt.
DARS Consortium

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The global utilization of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) is increasing, with emerging evidence suggesting a potential link between ENDS and halitosis. Nonetheless, direct data addressing this association remains limited. This study aimed to investigate the effects of ENDS usage on halitosis among individuals aged 18-40 in 18 Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) countries. The study was conducted between November 2023 and May 2024, and employed an online self-administered survey that included the validated Halitosis Finding Score (Halfins). The analysis included a total of 7,973 participants categorized by their smoking habits: 71.1% identified as non-users, 12.6% as ENDS users, 10.8% as traditional tobacco users, and 5.5% as dual users. After adjusting for potential confounders, exclusive ENDS users exhibited significantly greater odds of experiencing halitosis (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.576, 95% CI = 1.367-1.817, p < 0.001), as did dual users (AOR = 1.420, 95% CI = 1.161-1.738, p < 0.001), than non-users did. These findings suggest that the use of ENDS and dual usage may elevate the risk of developing halitosis. However, due to the limitations of the study, it is important to interpret these results with caution. Nonetheless, reducing the use of ENDS could potentially mitigate the risk of halitosis.

Indexed as

Electronic Nicotine Delivery SystemsHalitosisVapingAdolescentAdultAfrica, NorthernCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHumansMaleMiddle EastSurveys and QuestionnairesYoung AdultCross-sectional studiesElectronic nicotine delivery systemsHalitosisSelf-AdministrationSmokingVaping

Identifiers

PMID40562833
PMCPMC12198373

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.