Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40562362›Full record

ArticleThe American journal of clinical nutrition2025

Gestational vitamin D concentration and child cognitive development: a longitudinal cohort study in the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes Program.

Melissa M Melough, Monica McGrath, Meredith Palmore, Brent R Collett, Jean M Kerver, Christine W Hockett, Rebecca J Schmidt, Rachel S Kelly, Kristen Lyall, Qi Zhao and 9 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Trial
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  3. Review
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

19 authors.

Melissa M MeloughDepartment of Health Behavior and Nutrition Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States. Electronic address: melough@udel.edu.
Monica McGrathDepartment of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States.
Meredith PalmoreDepartment of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States.
Brent R CollettCenter for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States.
Jean M KerverDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.
Christine W HockettDepartment of Pediatrics, University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, United States; Avera Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, United States.
Rebecca J SchmidtDepartment of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, United States.
Rachel S KellyChanning Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.
Kristen LyallAJ Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
Qi ZhaoDepartment of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States.
Alison E HipwellDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
Susan A KorrickChanning Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States.
Diane Gilbert-DiamondDepartments of Epidemiology, Medicine and Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, United States.
Scott T WeissChanning Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.
Su H ChuChanning Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.
Hooman MirzakhaniChanning Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.
Jennifer M PorterDepartment of Pediatrics, Norton Children's and University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States.
Sheela SathyanarayanaCenter for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States; Departments of Pediatrics, Epidemiology, and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
ECHO Cohort Consortium

Funding

Project-005U2COD023375 · OD · DUKE UNIVERSITY · PI Linda S Adair, Phillip Brian Smith · 2016 to 2026
$215.9M
ECHODAC (Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes Data Analysis Center)U24OD023382 · OD · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI Diane J Catellier, LISA P JACOBSON · 2016 to 2026
$148.4M
Wisconsin Infant Study Cohort (WISC) ECHO Pediatric Follow-UpUH3OD023282 · OD · UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON · PI James E. Gern · 2018 to 2026
$64.8M
The NYU Children’s Health & Environment Study: an ECHO CohortUH3OD023305 · OD · NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE · PI Akhgar Ghassabian, Leonardo Trasande · 2018 to 2026
$59.5M
Mount Sinai ECHO site for Perinatal Environment and Development StudiesUH3OD023337 · OD · ICAHN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AT MOUNT SINAI · PI KECIA Nicole CARROLL, Robert O Wright · 2018 to 2026
$54.1M
Conduits: Mount Sinai Health System Translational Science HubUL1TR004419 · NCATS · ICAHN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AT MOUNT SINAI · PI Rosalind J Wright · 2022 to 2026
$46.4M
A prospective study of critical environmental exposures in formative early life that impact lifelong health in rural US children: the New Hampshire Birth Cohort StudyUH3OD023275 · OD · DARTMOUTH COLLEGE · PI MARGARET Rita KARAGAS, Juliette Madan · 2018 to 2026
$44.3M
The ECHO Measurement Core: A Framework and Resource for Assessing Environmental Exposure and Child HealthU24OD023319 · OD · NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY AT CHICAGO · PI Courtney K Blackwell, RICHARD GERSHON · 2016 to 2026
$43.7M
XENOBIOTIC BIOTRANSFORMATION AND DISPOSITIONP30ES007033 · NIEHS · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI Nicole Ann Errett · 1995 to 2026
$42.5M
Prenatal and Early Childhood Pathways To Health:  An Integrated Model of Chemical and Social Exposures, Biological Mechanisms, and Sex-Specific Effects on Neurodevelopment and Respiratory OutcomesUH3OD023271 · OD · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI BUSH, NICOLE RENEE, KARR, CATHERINE J · 2018 to 2022
$37.3M
Translational Research Support CoreP30ES013508 · NIEHS · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI A. Clementina Mesaros · 2006 to 2026
$35.3M
ECHO Laboratory Core at Vanderbilt for Integrated Sample Biobanking and ProcessingU24OD035523 · OD · VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER · PI Suman Ranjan Das, NATASHA Bassam HALASA · 2023 to 2026
$32.8M
NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR004419NHLBI NIH HHS K01 HL153941NICHD NIH HHS P50 HD103538NICHD NIH HHS UG1 HD104252NIEHS NIH HHS P30 ES007033NIEHS NIH HHS P30 ES013508NIEHS NIH HHS U24 ES026539NIEHS NIH HHS U2C ES026533NIEHS NIH HHS U2C ES026542NIEHS NIH HHS U2C ES026555NIEHS NIH HHS U2C ES026561NIEHS NIH HHS U2C ES030851NIEHS NIH HHS U2C ES030857NIEHS NIH HHS U2C ES030859NIH HHS U24 OD023319NIH HHS U24 OD023382NIH HHS U24 OD035523NIH HHS U2C OD023375NIH HHS UG3 OD023244NIH HHS UG3 OD023248NIH HHS UG3 OD023249NIH HHS UG3 OD023251NIH HHS UG3 OD023253NIH HHS UG3 OD023272NIH HHS UG3 OD023275NIH HHS UG3 OD023279NIH HHS UG3 OD023282NIH HHS UG3 OD023285NIH HHS UG3 OD023288NIH HHS UG3 OD023289NIH HHS UG3 OD023290NIH HHS UG3 OD023305NIH HHS UG3 OD023313NIH HHS UG3 OD023337NIH HHS UG3 OD023342NIH HHS UG3 OD023344NIH HHS UG3 OD023348NIH HHS UG3 OD023349NIH HHS UG3 OD023365NIH HHS UG3 OD023389NIH HHS UG3 OD035508NIH HHS UG3 OD035509NIH HHS UG3 OD035513NIH HHS UG3 OD035516NIH HHS UG3 OD035517NIH HHS UG3 OD035518NIH HHS UG3 OD035519NIH HHS UG3 OD035521NIH HHS UG3 OD035526NIH HHS UG3 OD035527NIH HHS UG3 OD035528NIH HHS UG3 OD035529NIH HHS UG3 OD035532NIH HHS UG3 OD035533NIH HHS UG3 OD035536NIH HHS UG3 OD035537NIH HHS UG3 OD035540NIH HHS UG3 OD035542NIH HHS UG3 OD035543NIH HHS UG3 OD035544NIH HHS UG3 OD035546NIH HHS UG3 OD035550NIH HHS UH3 OD023244NIH HHS UH3 OD023248NIH HHS UH3 OD023249NIH HHS UH3 OD023251NIH HHS UH3 OD023253NIH HHS UH3 OD023268NIH HHS UH3 OD023271NIH HHS UH3 OD023272NIH HHS UH3 OD023275NIH HHS UH3 OD023279NIH HHS UH3 OD023282NIH HHS UH3 OD023285NIH HHS UH3 OD023286NIH HHS UH3 OD023287NIH HHS UH3 OD023288NIH HHS UH3 OD023289NIH HHS UH3 OD023290NIH HHS UH3 OD023305NIH HHS UH3 OD023313NIH HHS UH3 OD023318NIH HHS UH3 OD023320NIH HHS UH3 OD023328NIH HHS UH3 OD023332NIH HHS UH3 OD023337NIH HHS UH3 OD023342NIH HHS UH3 OD023344NIH HHS UH3 OD023347NIH HHS UH3 OD023348NIH HHS UH3 OD023349NIH HHS UH3 OD023365NIH HHS UH3 OD023389NIH HHS UH3 OD035508NIH HHS UH3 OD035509NIH HHS UH3 OD035516NIH HHS UH3 OD035518NIH HHS UH3 OD035519NIH HHS UH3 OD035521NIH HHS UH3 OD035528NIH HHS UH3 OD035529NIH HHS UH3 OD035533NIH HHS UH3 OD035536NIH HHS UH3 OD035542NIH HHS UH3 OD035543NIH HHS UH3 OD035546NIH HHS UH3 OD035550
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundLow vitamin D concentrations are common-especially among those with darker pigmented skin-and are frequently observed during pregnancy. Given its important role in brain development, inadequate gestational vitamin D may impair child cognitive development.

objectivesWe aimed to evaluate associations of gestational vitamin D concentrations with childhood cognitive scores, explore whether this relationship differs by self-reported race, and examine sensitive exposure windows within pregnancy.

methodsThis prospective cohort study included 912 mother-child dyads (37.3% Black, 52.3% White) from the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes program. 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations were measured in prenatal or cord blood collected between 4 and 42 wk gestation (median: 23 wk). Children's cognition was assessed at ages 7-12 y using the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery. Relationships of 25(OH)D and cognitive scores were examined using mixed-effects linear models adjusted for confounders. Potential sensitive periods were explored by estimating population 25(OH)D patterns across gestation for varying levels of the cognitive outcomes.

resultsMean gestational 25(OH)D was 23.8 ng/mL (SD: 10.0 ng/mL). Each 10-ng/mL increase was associated with greater overall (β: 1.11; 95% CI: 0.08, 2.14) and fluid cognition scores (β: 1.21; 95% CI: 0.07, 2.34), but not crystallized cognition. Although these associations were not significantly modified by self-reported race, associations appeared stronger in children of Black mothers (β: 2.99; 95% CI: 0.82, 5.16) than those in non-Black mothers (β: 0.43; 95% CI: -0.93, 1.78) for fluid cognition. Early pregnancy may be a critical exposure period, evidenced by the greatest divergence in the pattern of 25(OH)D during this period between the mothers of children in the 90th and those in the 10th percentiles of cognitive outcomes.

conclusionsGestational 25(OH)D concentrations were positively associated with cognitive scores, especially in children of Black mothers. Given higher deficiency risk among Black women, vitamin D repletion before or in early pregnancy may be an important strategy for reducing racial disparities in child neurodevelopment.

Indexed as

Child DevelopmentCognitionVitamin DVitamin D DeficiencyAdultChildCohort StudiesFemaleFetal BloodHumansLongitudinal StudiesMalePregnancyPrenatal Exposure Delayed EffectsProspective Studies25-hydroxyvitamin DVitamin Dchildhood cognitive developmentfluid cognitionprenatal nutritionracial health disparitiesvitamin D

Identifiers

PMID40562362
PMCPMC12405788

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