ReviewBiological psychiatry2026
Why Is Clozapine Uniquely Effective in Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia? A Review and Proposal.
Review in Biological psychiatry, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Japanese Cohort Study and Meta-Analysis Demonstrate Significant Association Between Serotonin Transporter-Linked Polymorphic Region and Schizophrenia.Neuropsychopharmacology reports · 2026Pooled it
- Toward a Pluralistic Model for the Schizophrenia Spectrum-Dopamine and Beyond.JAMA psychiatry · 2026Review
- Clozapine acts as an antagonist of human dopamine DNaunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- Longitudinal brain structural changes during clozapine treatment: associations with neuroreceptor architecture and clinical response.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Differential Neuronal Development in iPSC-Derived Neural Stem Cells From Monozygotic Twin Cases With Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia and Discordant Responses to Clozapine.Neuropsychopharmacology reports · 2026Article
- Xanomeline-trospium reverses phencyclidine-induced cognitive deficits through modulation of the gut microbiota-brain axis in mice.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- UntargetedTranslational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Prognostic Value of FasL, BDNF, and IL-1β as Predictors of Therapeutic Response in Schizophrenia.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
A great deal is known about the use, benefits, and side effects of clozapine in treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS). However, why clozapine is more effective than other antipsychotics in TRS remains unclear. In this article, we address this question. Patients with TRS show glutamate abnormalities, and clozapine has widespread effects on glutamate. However, these actions have not been proven to be different from those of other antipsychotics. Immune dysfunction is also reported in TRS, and clozapine has anti-inflammatory actions, but these have not been correlated with clinical improvement. Currently, there is a great deal of interest in muscarinic abnormalities in psychosis. Unlike most antipsychotics, clozapine has important effects on muscarinic receptors, particularly M
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.