ArticleVaccine2025
COVID-19 mRNA or viral vector vaccine type and subject sex influence the SARS-CoV-2 T-cell response.
Article in Vaccine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Sex differences in immune responses to viruses, bacteria and vaccines.Nature immunology · 2026Review
- Impact of CMV latency on T-cell responses to COVID-19 vaccination among predominantly antibody-deficient patients.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Severe SARS-CoV-2 infection has been partially controlled by vaccination, though issues in duration and breadth of protection remain. Few studies investigate factors driving diversity in the cellular immune response to vaccination. Here, we evaluated T-cell immunity in 60 healthy adults and its relationship to vaccine and subject-specific variables. CD4 and CD8 T-cells from COVID-19 vaccinated subjects expressed spike-specific activation-induced markers (AIM+) and cytokines. Overall, AIM+ CD8 T-cells correlated best with neutralizing antibodies and were more strongly expressed by females than males. Unique patterns in CD4 T-regulatory cells, cytokine profiles, and central and effector memory subsets were observed between Moderna, Pfizer, and Janssen vaccinees and by subject-specific factors. Sex differences outweighed differences in BMI and age. Thus, COVID-19 vaccine type and subject sex impacted the magnitude and quality of the spike-specific T-cell response. These results help explain differences in durability and memory between mRNA and adenovirus vector based COVID-19 vaccines and suggest targets for improved vaccine design.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.