ArticleNeurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation2025
Serum Autoantibody Titers and Neurofilament Light Chain Levels in CASPR2/LGI1 Encephalitis: A Longitudinal Study.
Article in Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Severe Abdominal Pain as a Prominent Clinical Manifestation of Anti-DPPX Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Case Report and Systematic Review.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2026Pooled it
- Antibody-Dependent Cellular Phagocytosis and Cytotoxicity in Patients With LGI1 and CASPR2 Encephalitis.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- HLA genotyping and clinical characteristics of early-onset and late-onset anti-LGI1 encephalitis: a single-center cohort study in China.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Antineuronal antibody titres in autoimmune encephalitis: clinical implications for diagnosis and long-term immunotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Neuroglial markers of damage in autoimmune neurology.Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders · 2026Review
- Article
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Authors and funding
23 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
objectivesAutoantibodies against contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CASPR2-IgG) and leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 protein (LGI1-IgG) identify a subgroup of autoimmune encephalitis (AE). Up to 65% of patients with LGI1/CASPR2 AE show cognitive sequelae that are unpredictable at onset. We aimed to assess the clinical relevance of serum autoantibody titers and neurofilament light chain (NfL) levels as biomarkers in CASPR2/LGI1 AE.
methodsWe selected consecutive CASPR2/LGI1-IgG-positive patients with at least 2 longitudinal serum samples obtained more than 60 days apart. Samples were defined as acute (first diagnostic evaluation after onset or relapse and before immunotherapy) and remission (>2 months from attack). CASPR2/LGI1-IgG was titered with a live cell-based assay. Functional outcome was measured using modified Rankin Scale and Clinical Assessment Scale in AE and cognitive impairment using Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA).
resultsWe included 23 patients (LGI1 = 15, CASPR2 = 7, CASPR2/LGI1 = 1) with 130 serum samples (acute = 32; remission = 98). Serum titers in the acute phase were higher than in remission and decreased over time and after immunosuppressive treatment. In 9 of 10 patients, relapses occurred with seropositive samples, and in 4 of 5 patients, these occurred with increased titers. Onset titers did not correlate with functional/cognitive outcome at follow-up.Serum NfL median levels in both patients with LGI1 AE (35.3 pg/mL, range: 5.4-164) and CASPR2 AE (31.4 pg/mL, range: 9.11-120) were higher than in age/sex-matched controls (14.55, range: 5.4-56.8, DISCUSSION: Measuring LGI1 and CASPR2-IgG titers in AE could help to confirm the disease stage and define relapses but has no prognostic implications. Serum NfL at onset could be used to identify patients at higher risk of cognitive sequelae that might deserve tailored management.
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