ArticlePhysiological reports2025
The physiological effects of breath-holding during high-intensity exercise.
Article in Physiological reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Breathing technique-dependent acute cardiopulmonary responses during squats in healthy females.Physiological reports · 2026Trial
- The effects of breath holding during high-intensity land-based ergometry in swimmers.Physiological reports · 2026Article
- A century of anti-G straining maneuvers. Are there further changes in AGSM physical training that can improve +Gz tolerance? A scoping review.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Review
- The physiological effects of breath-holding during high-intensity exercise.Physiological reports · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the physiological effects of breath-holding during high-intensity exercise. Twenty participants (age: 23 ± 4 years, 10 females) performed 20 s sprints of simultaneous arm and leg ergometry exercise, under free-breathing (FB) and breath-holding (BH) conditions. Identical power outputs were sustained for both breathing conditions. Heart rate was significantly higher under the breath-holding condition during exercise (FB = 118 ± 12 bpm versus BH = 131 ± 14 bpm; p < 0.001) but lower for 5 min post-exercise (FB = 110 ± 16 bpm, BH = 102 ± 15 bpm, p = 0.003). Systolic blood pressure was higher under the breath-holding condition post-exercise (FB = 142 ± 18 mmHg, BH = 151 ± 15 mmHg, p = 0.03). Muscle deoxygenated hemoglobin was unchanged between conditions during exercise (FB = 2.7 ± 1.7 μM, BH = 2.6 ± 1.7 μM, p = 0.37) and no difference in post-exercise blood lactate concentration was observed between conditions (FB = 9.3 ± 3.5 mmol.L
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