Leveraging multi-modal data for early prediction of severity in forced transmission outages with hierarchical spatiotemporal multiplex networks.

Extended power transmission outages caused by weather events can significantly impact the economy, infrastructure, and residents' quality of life in affected regions. One of the challenges is providing early, accurate warnings for these disruptions. To address this challenge, we introduce HMN-RTS, a hierarchical multiplex network designed to predict the duration of a forced transmission outage by leveraging a multi-modal approach. We investigate outage duration prediction over two years at the county level, focusing on the states of the Pacific Northwest region, including Idaho, California, Montana, Washington, and Oregon. The multiplex network layers collect diverse data sources, including information about power outages, weather data, weather forecasts, lightning, land cover, transmission lines, and social media. Our findings demonstrate that this approach enhances the accuracy of predicting power outage duration. The HMN-RTS model improves 3 hours ahead outage predictions, achieving a macro F1 score of 0.79 compared to the best alternative of 0.73 for a five-class classification. The HMN-RTS model provides valuable predictions of outage duration across multiple time horizons and seasons, enabling grid operators to implement timely outage mitigation strategies. Overall, the results underscore the HMN-RTS model's capability to deliver early and practical risk assessments.