ArticleToxics2025
Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Heavy Metals in Wheat (
Article in Toxics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Glyphosate Bioremediation Facilitated byJournal of xenobiotics · 2026Article
- Assessment of Heavy Metal Accumulation in Soils and Dominant Agricultural Crops in an Industrial Environment of Ridder, East Kazakhstan Region.Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Heavy Metal-Induced Variability in Leaf Nutrient Uptake and Photosynthetic Traits of Avocado (Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Unregulated irrigation with partially industrial effluents may lead to heavy metal contamination in crops and pose significant human health risks, especially in developing countries like India. Therefore, the present study aimed to quantify six heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) in soil and wheat irrigated with paper mill effluent, assess plant responses, and evaluate associated health risks for consumers. For this, a field study was conducted across ten sites (five effluent-irrigated, five borewell-irrigated as control), analyzing soil and wheat tissues for metal concentrations and calculating risk indices including bioaccumulation factor (Bf), translocation factor (Tf), Dietary Intake of Metals (DIM < 1), Health Risk Index (HRI < 1), and Target Hazard Quotient (THQ < 1). Results indicated high concentrations of Cd and Cr in effluent-irrigated soils and wheat tissues (root > stem > leaves > grains) compared to control sites, with some values exceeding permissible limits. Although the THQ values for heavy metals were below 1, indicating a low immediate health risk, concentrations of Cd and Cr in both soil and crop tissues exceeded acceptable safety standards. This study provides empirical evidence supporting the need for effluent treatment and policy interventions to mitigate agricultural contamination from the use of industrial effluents and protect public health.
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Registered trials
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