ArticleToxics2025
Influence of Different Nicotine Sources on Exercise-Driven Immune Responses of Peripheral Blood Monocytes.
Article in Toxics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Regulation of immune checkpoints by electronic cigarette.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is closely associated with pro-inflammatory immunological alterations, whereas regular physical exercise is well known to lower systemic inflammations and related immune cell activities. The combined effects of smoking, nicotine pouch use, vaping, and exercise on individual immunological responses remain incompletely understood, especially in view of alternative nicotine delivery systems. In this study, we analyzed the immediate impact of different nicotine sources on exercise monocyte subsets in 16 human subjects using a four-arm cross-over design. Distribution of circulating CD14/CD16 monocyte subsets and expression of the monocytic checkpoint molecule PD-L1 (programmed cell death ligand-1) were analysed via whole blood flow cytometry measurements. Plasma cytokines were evaluated using membrane-based cytokine arrays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Data revealed significant distributions of circulating monocytes subsets in response to nicotine consumption and physical stress. In contrast, exercise-driven increased monocytic PD-L1 was clearly attenuated following the consumption various nicotine delivery systems. Furthermore, significantly increased plasma growth hormone levels were detected in response to physical stress in combination with cigarette consumption. Our data clearly illustrates a significant influence of nicotine consumption on the cellular characteristics of circulating monocyte subsets and on proper exercise-driven immune responses within a short period of time, which makes the widespread trivialization of alternative nicotine sources questionable.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.