ArticleToxics2025
Polarization of THP-1-Derived Human M0 to M1 Macrophages Exposed to Flavored E-Liquids.
Article in Toxics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Impact of E-Liquids on Phagocytosis, Escape and Invasion ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Identification and validation of prognostic genes associated with integrative stress response in lung adenocarcinoma and construction of the risk models.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Comparison of THP-1 Subtypes Reveals Differences on Transcriptomic and Protein Expression Level Throughout Their Immunological Differentiation.Journal of immunology research · 2026Article
- Phenotypic Changes and Oxidative Stress in THP-1 Macrophages in Response to Vanilloids Following Stimulation with Allergen Act d 1 and LPS.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (ECIGs) are widely used but their effects on the immune system need to be further investigated. Macrophages are white blood cells central to the immune response. Using THP-1-derived M0 macrophages, this study aims to determine the effects of ECIG liquids (E-liquids) on the polarization of M0 to the pro-inflammatory M1 macrophage subtype. THP-1 cells were cultured and differentiated to M0 macrophages using RPMI media. E-liquids ± cinnamon, menthol, strawberry and tobacco flavors were added to cell cultures at 1% (
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Registered trials
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