ReviewMarine drugs2025
Prickly Defenders: A Review of Venomous Sea Urchins (Echinoidea).
Review in Marine drugs, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Sea urchins, Echinoidea, are widely known for their defensive spines and pedicellariae, with some species having co-evolved venom in conjunction with those appendages. Despite this, their venomous arsenal remains poorly understood. Research has predominately focused on pedicellariae venom, while the spines have been largely neglected within studies. This review consolidates current knowledge of the venom systems (spines and pedicellariae) of sea urchins, focusing on the morphology, known venom components, and their functional effects. While early studies have established the bioactivity of crude extracts and fractions, along with the partial characterisation of some toxins, most of these studies are outdated and were conducted with very basic methodologies. Modern venomics presents an opportunity to meet this challenge, enabling development of a comprehensive database on venomous urchins and their toxins. This advancement will facilitate research into targeted early treatments and therapies for victims of sea urchin stings, ultimately improving health outcomes and enhancing our scientific understanding of venom toxins and their broader implications for human health and bioinnovation.
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