ArticleMedical sciences (Basel, Switzerland)2025
Trends and Disparities in Liver Transplantation in the United States: A Nationwide Analysis of Demographic, Clinical, and Socioeconomic Factors (2016-2021).
Article in Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Liver transplantation is the major determinant of ≥10-year survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.Hepatology communications · 2026Article
- Alcohol-related liver disease and access to liver transplantation: where we stand and where we should go.Transplant international : official journal of the European Society for Organ Transplantation · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundLiver transplantation has become the standard of care for patients with end-stage liver disease. Despite advances in surgical techniques, immunosuppression, and perioperative care, disparities in access and outcomes persist across demographic and socioeconomic lines.
objectiveTo assess trends and disparities in liver transplant admissions in the United States from 2016 to 2021, examining demographic patterns, in-hospital mortality, hospital charges, length of stay, and socioeconomic factors.
methodsUsing the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) from 2016 to 2021, we identified liver transplant admissions using ICD-10 PCS codes 0FY00Z1 and 0FY00Z2. Demographic characteristics (age, sex, race, insurance status, and income quartile), clinical outcomes, and resource utilization metrics were analyzed. One-way ANOVA and Hensel's test were used to assess variance and distribution homogeneity, with a significance threshold of
resultsA total of 9677 liver transplant admissions were analyzed. The mean recipient age remained stable (51-52 years), with males comprising ~62% of transplants. White patients constituted the largest group of recipients (~66-68%), followed by Hispanic (~14-17%) and Black patients (~7-10%). The proportion of transplants relative to liver failure admissions remained stable across racial groups, indicating no widening racial gap during the study period. In-hospital mortality post-transplant remained low (2.37-3.52%) and did not differ significantly by race (
conclusionsLiver transplantation outcomes, including in-hospital mortality, appear consistent across demographic and socioeconomic groups once patients are admitted for transplant. However, broader disparities in access persist, necessitating further research into pre-transplant barriers and long-term outcomes. These findings support the need for equitable healthcare strategies aimed at optimizing transplant candidacy and survival across all populations.
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