Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40559223›Full record

ArticleMedical sciences (Basel, Switzerland)2025

The Potential Effects of Sensor-Based Virtual Reality Telerehabilitation on Lower Limb Function in Patients with Chronic Stroke Facing the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Retrospective Case-Control Study.

Mirjam Bonanno, Maria Grazia Maggio, Paolo De Pasquale, Laura Ciatto, Antonino Lombardo Facciale, Morena De Francesco, Giuseppe Andronaco, Rosaria De Luca, Angelo Quartarone, Rocco Salvatore Calabrò

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Trial
  3. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Mirjam BonannoIRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, 98124 Messina, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-3284-9741
Maria Grazia MaggioIRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, 98124 Messina, Italy.ORCID 0000-0003-0757-2389
Paolo De PasqualeIRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, 98124 Messina, Italy.ORCID 0000-0003-1688-2151
Laura CiattoIRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, 98124 Messina, Italy.
Antonino Lombardo FaccialeIRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, 98124 Messina, Italy.
Morena De FrancescoDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Piazza Pugliatti, 1, 98120 Messina, Italy.
Giuseppe AndronacoIRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, 98124 Messina, Italy.
Rosaria De LucaIRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, 98124 Messina, Italy.ORCID 0000-0001-9503-4366
Angelo QuartaroneIRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, 98124 Messina, Italy.
Rocco Salvatore CalabròIRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, 98124 Messina, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-8566-3166

Funding

Ministry of Health, Italy Current Research Funds 2024
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

BACKGROUND/

objectivesIndividuals with chronic stroke often experience various impairments, including poor balance, reduced mobility, limited physical activity, and difficulty performing daily tasks. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, telerehabilitation (TR) can overcome the barriers of geographical and physical distancing, time, costs, and travel, as well as the anxiety about contracting COVID-19. In this retrospective case-control study, we aim to evaluate the motor and cognitive effects of balance TR training carried out with a sensor-based non-immersive virtual reality system compared to conventional rehabilitation in chronic stroke patients.

methodsTwenty chronic post-stroke patients underwent evaluation for inclusion in the analysis through an electronic recovery data system. The patients included in the study were divided into two groups with similar medical characteristics and duration of rehabilitation training. However, the groups differed in the type of rehabilitation approach used. The experimental group (EG) received TR with a sensor-based VR device, called VRRS-HomeKit (n. 10). In contrast, the control group (CG) underwent conventional home-based rehabilitation (n. 10).

resultsAt the end of the training, we observed significant improvements in the EG in the 10-m walking test (10MWT) (

conclusionsIn our study, we highlighted the potential role of sensor-based virtual reality TR in chronic stroke patients for improving lower limb function, suggesting that this approach is feasible and not inferior to conventional home-based rehabilitation.

Indexed as

COVID-19Lower ExtremityStrokeStroke RehabilitationTelerehabilitationVirtual RealityAgedCase-Control StudiesChronic DiseaseFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedPandemicsRetrospective StudiesSARS-CoV-2chronic strokeCOVID-19lower limbsneurorehabilitationsensor-based telerehabilitationvirtual reality

Identifiers

PMID40559223
PMCPMC12195538

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.