The Structural Design and Optimization of a Novel Independently Driven Bionic Ornithopter.

To address the limitations of traditional single-motor bionic ornithopters in terms of environmental adaptability and lift capacity, this study proposes a dual-motor independently driven system utilizing a cross-shaft single-gear crank mechanism to achieve adjustable flap speed and wing frequency, thereby enabling asymmetric flapping for enhanced environmental adaptability. The design integrates a two-stage reduction gear group to optimize torque transmission and an S1223 high-lift airfoil to improve aerodynamic efficiency. Multiphysics simulations combining computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and finite element analysis (FEA) demonstrate that, under flapping frequencies of 1-3.45 Hz and wind speeds of 1.2-3 m/s, the optimized model achieves 50% and 60% improvements in lift and thrust coefficients, respectively, compared to the baseline. Concurrently, peak stress in critical components (e.g., cam disks and wing rods) is reduced by 37% to 41 MPa, with significantly improved stress uniformity. These results validate the dual-motor system's capability to dynamically adapt to turbulent airflow through the precise control of wing kinematics, offering innovative solutions for applications such as aerial inspection and precision agriculture.