ArticleBiomimetics (Basel, Switzerland)2025
Development of Magnetic Sponges Using Steel Melting on 3D Carbonized Spongin Scaffolds Under Extreme Biomimetics Conditions.
Article in Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Extreme Biomimetics: Achievements and Fundamental Challenges for the Future.Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- A Formal Optimization-Oriented Design Framework for Predictive Extrusion-Based 3D Bioprinting.Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- 3D Skeletal Scaffolds of Marine Keratosan Demosponges Origin as Renewable Sources for Bioinspiration in Modern Structural Biomimetics and Tissue Engineering.Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Biomimetic Additive Manufacturing: Engineering Complexity Inspired by Nature's Simplicity.Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
This study presents a novel approach to fabricating magnetic sponge-like composites by melting various types of steel onto three-dimensional (3D) carbonized spongin scaffolds under extreme biomimetic conditions. Spongin, a renewable marine biopolymer with high thermal stability, was carbonized at 1200 °C to form a turbostratic graphite matrix capable of withstanding the high-temperature steel melting process (1450-1600 °C). The interaction between molten steel vapors and the carbonized scaffolds resulted in the formation of nanostructured iron oxide (primarily hematite) coatings, which impart magnetic properties to the resulting composites. Detailed characterization using SEM-EDX, HRTEM, FT-IR, and XRD confirmed the homogeneous distribution of iron oxides on and within the carbonized fibrous matrix. Electrochemical measurements further demonstrated the electrocatalytic potential of the composite, particularly the sample modified with stainless steel 316L-for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), offering promising perspectives for green hydrogen production. This work highlights the potential of extreme biomimetics to create functional, scalable, and sustainable materials for applications in catalysis, environmental remediation, and energy technologies.
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Registered trials
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