Molecular characterization of fowl and pigeon pox viruses: A recent outbreak in Libya.

Background: Poxvirus infections in poultry, particularly fowl poxviruses (FPV), pose significant challenges to the global poultry industry. A notable outbreak of cutaneous fowl (FP) and pigeon pox in Libya has primarily affected backyard chickens, pigeons, and some commercial layers, marking the region's first official record of these viruses. Aim: This study aimed to isolate, identify, and characterize FP and pigeon pox viruses (PPVs) associated with the outbreak. Methods: Histopathological examinations were conducted alongside clinical observations of lesions in affected chickens and pigeons. Virus isolation was performed using embryonated chicken eggs, and molecular diagnosis was achieved via polymerase chain reaction targeting the P4b core protein gene. Sequencing and phylogenetic analyses were also performed. Results: Characteristic lesions, such as wart-like growths and scabs, were observed in backyard chickens and pigeons. Histopathological analyses confirmed the presence of eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies. Molecular analysis revealed high genetic similarity among the four FPV isolates, which were 100% identical to selected isolates from Iraq, Iran, and Brazil. The PPV isolates also showed significant genetic homogeneity, with 100% identity to strains from Egypt and India and high similarities to other isolates. Conclusion: Our findings underscore the need for further investigation into the epidemiology and transmission dynamics of fowlpox and PPVs. Future research should focus on the genetic diversity of PPVs and their implications for pathogenicity and host specificity. Ongoing global surveillance and genetic analysis of avian viruses are crucial for understanding their impact on poultry populations and developing effective disease management strategies.