ArticleFrontiers in public health2025
Associations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in follicular fluid with polycystic ovarian syndrome in infertile women may be mediated by sex hormones.
Article in Frontiers in public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- A PFAS mixture at environmental relevant concentration induces DNA damage and compromises the in vitro maturation of mouse oocytes.Archives of toxicology · 2026Article
- Exposure to Legacy and Novel Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Diminished Ovarian Reserve: Evidence from Blood-Follicle Transfer and Mixture Risk Assessment in Reproductive-Aged Women.Environment & health (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Article
- Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in follicular fluid and human granulosa cell dysfunction: a physiologically based toxicokinetic model translation of long-term low-levelHuman reproduction open · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
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Abstract
Objectives: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been associated with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), however, the evidence is limited. This study aimed to explore the associations between PFAS in the follicular fluid and PCOS, as well as the mediating role of steroid hormones. Methods: Forty women with PCOS undergoing treatment for infertility and 56 control participants were included in this study. The levels of 24 PFAS in the follicular fluid and sex hormones in serum were measured. The adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each PFAS were estimated by multivariable logistic regression. Correlation analysis and multiple linear regression revealed the associations between PFAS and steroid hormones. Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) model was utilized to evaluate the associations between joint and individual PFAS exposure and PCOS. Additionally, Results: The study showed that perfluoro-n-octanoic acid (PFOA) and potassium perfluoro-1-octanesulfonate (PFOS) were the dominant PFAS in the follicular fluid samples, with the median concentration of 4.35 ng/mL and 5.22 ng/mL, respectively. Perfluoro-n-hexanoic acid (PFHxA) were correlated with increased incidences of PCOS (medium vs. low tertile: OR = 1.78, 95% CI: 0.18, 17.19). In the cases, a negative relationship was found between PFHxA and luteinizing hormone (LH; β = -0.44, 95% CI: -8.25, -0.03), while a positive relationship was observed between perfluoro-n-heptanoic acid (PFHpA) and LH (β = 0.504, 95% CI: 0.71, 21.31). PFOA was positively associated with estradiol (E Conclusion: PFHxA in follicular fluids was associated with the elevated odds of PCOS, and steroid hormones may play a role in the etiologic connection.
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