ArticleBiological trace element research2026
Combination and Interaction of Seven Trace Elements and the Risk of Protein-Energy Malnutrition in School-Aged Children in Shenzhen, China.
Article in Biological trace element research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
The imbalance of trace elements plays an important role in childhood malnutrition, but previous studies are usually specific to certain elements. We aimed to examine the individual and joint associations between multiple elements and the risk of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) in young school children. This study measured the serum levels of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), vanadium (V), manganese (Mn), and nickel (Ni) in 1832 out of 5152 children aged 6 to 9 years by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The individual and joint associations between elements and the risk of PEM were assessed using logistic regression, Restricted Cubic Spline (RCS), Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR), and Weighted Quantile Sum Regression (WQS) models, respectively. Serum concentrations of Zn, Cu, Co, V, Mn, and Ni were significantly lower in the PEM group than in controls (all P < 0.005). Higher quartile concentrations of Zn (OR = 0.52), Cu (OR = 0.59), V (OR = 0.52), Mn (OR = 0.51), and Ni (OR = 0.68) were associated with lower PEM risk (all P
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