The Threat of Avian Influenza in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: A One Health Perspective.

Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) pose a significant threat to global public health because of their widespread global circulation. The Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) is located along the major flyways of migratory birds; thus, this geographic location raises the risks of AIV circulation in the region. In the context of Avian influenza, which is primarily a zoonotic disease, the One Health approach is essential for an effective preparedness and response strategy. Risk factors such as dense poultry populations, migratory bird flyways, and close human-animal interactions contribute to the vulnerability of many countries in the EMR to AIV outbreaks. For instance, the overlap of migratory bird routes with human settlements poses a significant risk in countries like Egypt, Iran, and Jordan. Although the One Health approach provides a robust framework for addressing Avian influenza, several challenges remain in the EMR because of political instability, armed conflicts, and constraints in the resources, all of which hinder effective surveillance and outbreak management.