ArticleInternational ophthalmology2025
Relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus and changes of the lid margin, meibomian gland and tear film in dry eye patients: a cross-sectional study.
Article in International ophthalmology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Diabetic dry eye: advances in pathogenesis, diagnostic strategies, and therapeutic approaches.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- Intermittent fasting ameliorates diabetes-induced meibomian gland dysfunction in mice.International journal of ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Correlating corneal and meibomian gland morphology with diabetes duration in T2DMInternational journal of ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Demodicosis Mite Detection in Eyes with Blepharitis and Meibomian Gland Dysfunction Based on Deep Learning Model.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Tear Film Alterations in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus and changes of the lid margin, meibomian gland and tear film in dry eye patients: a critical perspective.International ophthalmology · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeTo investigate the relationship between type 2 diabetes and changes of the lid margin, meibomian glands and tear film in dry eye patients, to explore the possible pathological mechanism of the effect of type 2 diabetes on the ocular surface of dry eye disease. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsThis cross-sectional study included 302 eyes of 151 patients. Participants were divided into two groups: dry eye disease with type 2 diabetes group (DED-DM group, n = 108) and dry eye disease without diabetes group (DED group, n = 194). All patients underwent morphological and physiological functional evaluation of the ocular surface and a blood glucose level test.
resultsCompared with the DED group, the DED-DM group had higher upper lid margin irregularity(P = 0.035), lid margin vascularity(P < 0.0001), plugging of gland orifices grade(P < 0.0001), lid margin thickening grade(upper, P < 0.001; lower, P = 0.002), upper meibomian gland dropout(P = 0.003) and ciliary hyperemia(P = 0.013), and shorter first non-invasive tear breakup time(NIBUT) (P = 0.011). Blood glucose level had a significant correlation with NIBUT(first, P = 0.006; average, P = 0.003), lid margin thickening grade(upper, P = 0.006; lower, P = 0.001), and lower lid margin irregularity (P = 0.016).
conclusionsIn patients with type 2 diabetes and dry eye, lid margin abnormalities, orifice plugging and tear film instability was more severe than patients with dry eye only.
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