Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40552422›Full record

ArticleBJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology2026

Economic Impact of Severe Early-Onset Foetal Growth Restriction: A Multicentre Prospective Cohort Study.

George Bray, Kasia Maksym, Maurvi Dilipkumar, Rebecca N Spencer, Yuval Ginsberg, Tal Weissbach, Donald M Peebles, Neil Marlow, Angela Huertas-Ceballos, Gina Buquis and 11 more

Registry-linked trialAbstract readMulticenter Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02097667 (EVERREST - Developing a Therapy for Fetal Growth Restriction. A 6 Year Prospective Study to Define the Clinical and Biological Characteristic of Pregnancies Affected by Severe Early Onset Fetal Growth Restriction.), which is not on this map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT02097667 completednot on this map

EVERREST - Developing a Therapy for Fetal Growth Restriction. A 6 Year Prospective Study to Define the Clinical and Biological Characteristic of Pregnancies Affected by Severe Early Onset Fetal Growth Restriction.

TypeobservationalSponsorUniversity College, LondonRan2014 to 2022Enrolled142ConditionsFetal Growth Retardation
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

21 authors.

George BrayDepartment of Applied Health Research, University College London, London, UK.
Kasia MaksymElizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK.
Maurvi DilipkumarElizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK.
Rebecca N SpencerElizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK.
Yuval GinsbergElizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK.
Tal WeissbachElizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5558-7871
Donald M PeeblesElizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK.
Neil MarlowElizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5890-2953
Angela Huertas-CeballosNeonatal Department, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
Gina BuquisNeonatal Department, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
Jade OkellNeonatal Department, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
Kurt HecherDepartment of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
Anke DiemertDepartment of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
Dominique SingerDepartment of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
Stefan R HanssonDepartment of Clinical Sciences Lund, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
David LeyDepartment of Clinical Sciences Lund, Pediatrics, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
Francesc FiguerasBCNatal, Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, IDIBAPS, IRSJD, Hospital Clinic, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain.
Eduard GratacósBCNatal, Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, IDIBAPS, IRSJD, Hospital Clinic, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain.
Fatima CrispiBCNatal, Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, IDIBAPS, IRSJD, Hospital Clinic, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain.
Anna L DavidElizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0199-6140
Rachael HunterDepartment of Applied Health Research, University College London, London, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7447-8934

Funding

European Union Seventh Framework Programme 305823Mitchell Charitable TrustNational Institute for Health and Care ResearchRosetrees Trust
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveFoetal growth restriction (FGR) affects 10% of pregnancies, contributing to 30% of stillbirths. Current management of early-onset FGR (< 32 + 0 weeks' gestation) delivers the foetus before stillbirth or irreversible organ damage. The resulting preterm births create additional risks independent of FGR. We determined the economic cost associated with severe early-onset FGR.

designEconomic analysis of EVERREST prospective study, a 6-year multicentre prospective cohort study.

settingUK, Spain, Germany, Sweden. POPULATION: Pregnant women with estimated foetal weight < 3rd centile, 20 + 0-26 + 6 weeks of gestation.

methodsBetween antenatal recruitment and 2 years post-delivery, maternal and infant resource use was collected using the Global Pregnancy CoLaboratory (COLAB) data set and an adapted client service receipt inventory (CSRI) questionnaire.

main outcome measureCost differences between gestational age groups with Multivariable Generalised Linear Models.

resultsOf 135 births, 46% were extremely preterm (EPT, < 28 + 0 weeks), 23% very preterm (VPT, 28 + 0-< 32 + 0 weeks), 16% late/moderate preterm (MLPT, 32 + 0-< 37 + 0 weeks) and 14% term. Neonatal Unit (NNU) costs accounted for the largest costs incurred by either mother or infant, exhibiting the largest differences between gestational age groups. EPT infants costed an additional £157 832 (95% CI: £96 904-£218 760) on average per infant compared to the term group, VPT infants an additional £93 709 (95% CI: £62 656-£124 761) and MLPT infants an additional £20 182 (£11 882-£28 482).

conclusionsEarly-onset FGR has substantial costs, predominantly incurred during infants' NNU admissions. Births < 32 + 0 weeks have significantly higher costs than term births, providing economic justification to research therapies that reduce iatrogenic preterm birth.

trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02097667.

Indexed as

Fetal Growth RetardationHealth Care CostsAdultFemaleGermanyGestational AgeHumansInfant, NewbornPregnancyPremature BirthProspective StudiesSwedenUnited Kingdomeconomic burdeneconomic evaluationfoetal growth restrictionhealthcare costsneonatal intensive carepreterm birth

Identifiers

PMID40552422
PMCPMC12676201

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.