Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40552219›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in public health2025

COVID-19 vaccine information disorder in Chile: a quantitative analysis of fact-checked articles.

Alexis V Cruz, Vicente Schulz, Eduardo Arriagada, Claudia A Montero-Liberona, Alexis M Kalergis

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Frontiers in public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Alexis V Cruz *Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile.
Vicente Schulz *Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile.
Eduardo ArriagadaMillennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile.
Claudia A Montero-LiberonaFacultad de Comunicaciones, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
Alexis M KalergisMillennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Introduction: Previous studies have analyzed information disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on common characteristics such as content formats, recurring themes, and information dissemination networks. However, in the Latin American region, there is still a gap in studying the specific characteristics of this phenomenon during the COVID-19 vaccination process, as in the Chilean case. Therefore, this study aims to identify the main characteristics of information disorder circulating in Chile during the COVID-19 vaccination process, considering key topics, actors, and media platforms involved. Methods: We conducted a quantitative content analysis of a dataset of 140 fact-checking articles related to COVID-19 vaccination, sourced from MalaEspina and FastCheck, from March 2020 to December 2022. Results: We identified the primary characteristics of information disorders that circulated in Chile concerning the COVID-19 vaccination process. Our main findings indicated that information disorder focused on disinformation intended to cause harm through deception. The primary format used was visual and distributed across various platforms. Discussion and conclusion: We conclude that studying information disorder in specific topics, such as vaccination, is important to understand the phenomenon better and develop strategies to mitigate its impact on society.

Indexed as

COVID-19COVID-19 VaccinesInformation DisseminationVaccinationChileDisinformationHumansSARS-CoV-2COVID-19 VaccinesCOVID-19fact-checkinginformation disordervaccination processvaccine hesitancyvaccines

Identifiers

PMID40552219
PMCPMC12183211

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.