ArticleRenal failure2025
Exploring the association between volatile organic compound exposure and chronic kidney disease: evidence from explainable machine learning methods.
Article in Renal failure, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- An Exploration of Machine Learning Methods in Human Biomonitoring.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Review
- Enhanced early chronic kidney disease prediction using hybrid waterwheel plant algorithm for deep neural network optimization.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Exposure to volatile organic compounds increases the risk of sarcopenia: Insights into association and mechanism.PloS one · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundChronic Kidney Disease (CKD) affects approximately 697.5 million people worldwide. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emerging as potential risk factors, but their complex relationships with CKD may be underestimated by traditional linear methods. This study explores the association between urinary VOC metabolites and CKD risk using a combination of epidemiological and interpretable machine learning approaches.
methodsData from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2011-March 2020 pre-pandemic) were analyzed to examine 15 urinary VOC metabolites. Analytical methods included multivariable logistic regression, LASSO regression, and five machine learning models: Logistic Regression (LR), Random Forest (RF), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP). SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis was used to enhance model interpretability.
resultsSignificant associations were observed for metabolites including CEMA (N-Acetyl-S-(2-carboxyethyl)-L-cysteine) (OR = 1.66, 95% CI: 1.17-2.37), DHBMA (N-Acetyl-S-(3,4-dihydroxybutyl)-L-cysteine) (OR = 1.95, 95% CI: 1.38-2.76), HMPMA (N-Acetyl-S-(3-hydroxypropyl-1-methyl)-L-cysteine) (OR = 2.18, 95% CI: 1.53-3.10), and PGA (Phenylglyoxylic acid) (OR = 1.66, 95% CI: 1.22-2.27). The XGBoost model demonstrated strong predictive performance, with SHAP analysis highlighting DHBMA as a key predictor. Inverse associations were observed for AAMA (N-Acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)-L-cysteine) and CYMA (N-Acetyl-S-(2-cyanoethyl)-L-cysteine) in their highest quartiles.
conclusionsThis integrated approach identified significant associations between specific urinary VOC metabolites and CKD risk, particularly DHBMA. These findings underscore the role of environmental VOC exposure in CKD pathogenesis and may inform targeted prevention strategies.
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