ArticleOphthalmology2025
Association between Nucleoside and Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Use and Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma Risk in All of Us.
Article in Ophthalmology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists and Age-Related Macular Degeneration Incidence.Ophthalmology. Retina · 2026Article
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7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeTo assess the association between the systemic use of nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG).
designRetrospective cohort study.
participantsIndividuals aged ≥40 years with linked electronic health record (EHR) data in the National Institutes of Health (NIH) All of Us dataset. Participants with a diagnosis of POAG before the use of NRTIs were excluded.
methodsA cohort of 1:10 NRTI users to nonusers was created using a propensity score matching design, considering age, race, sex at birth, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diagnosis, hepatitis B diagnosis, and family history of POAG. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to adjust for residual imbalance. Sensitivity analyses were performed for self-reported eye doctor visits.
main outcome measureDiagnosis of POAG.
resultsAmong the 305 441 All of Us participants aged ≥40 years with a linked EHR, we identified 718 individuals (0.24%) with NRTI use, excluding participants with a diagnosis of POAG before NRTI exposure. The rate of POAG in the NRTI users was 4.32% (N = 31). The rate of POAG in the propensity score-matched control group (N = 7180) was 2.00% (N = 144). Use of NRTI was associated with an increased risk of POAG (odds ratio [OR], 2.21; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.48-3.28; P < 0.001). When adjusting for residual imbalance of family history of POAG, HIV diagnosis, and hepatitis B diagnosis, use of any NRTIs remained significantly associated with an increased risk of developing POAG (OR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.22-2.77; P = 0.004). After matching and adjusting for self-reported eye doctor visits, NRTIs remained significantly associated with POAG risk (OR, 2.30; 95% CI, 1.07-4.96; P = 0.033).
conclusionsUse of NRTIs was associated with a higher risk of POAG with propensity score matching for covariates and adjusting for residual imbalances. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S): The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
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