Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40549079›Full record

Trial reportDrug delivery and translational research2026

Rapid local anesthesia in children enhanced by STAR particles: a first-in-humans, randomized clinical trial.

Andrew R Tadros, Mark R Prausnitz, Eric I Felner

Abstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in Drug delivery and translational research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Microneedles: Selected Applications for Pediatrics.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026
    Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Andrew R TadrosDepartment of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Mark R PrausnitzSchool of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Eric I FelnerSchool of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA. efelner@emory.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6567-0123

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Healthcare-related pain associated with hypodermic needles is prevalent and undertreated in pediatric patients. Currently available topical anesthetics provide insufficient pain relief due to poor drug skin permeability, especially when rapid onset is desired. Herein, our goal was to assess the speed and efficacy of local lidocaine/epinephrine/tetracaine (LET) gel enabled by STAR particles in a first-in-humans clinical trial. Twenty-two children (10 - 15 yr) were randomized in a placebo-controlled, cross-over trial to receive topical treatment of LET gel applied to the antecubital fossa for 10 or 20 min either with or without STAR particle pretreatment. STAR particle pretreatment decreased skin barrier function, demonstrated by increased trans-epidermal water loss compared to placebo (25.0 ± 8.7 g/m

Indexed as

Anesthesia, LocalAnesthetics, LocalEpinephrineLidocaineTetracaineAdministration, CutaneousAdolescentChildCross-Over StudiesDrug CombinationsFemaleGelsHumansMaleNeedlesAnesthetics, LocalDrug CombinationsEpinephrineGelsLidocaineTetracaineAnesthesiaDrug deliveryLidocaineMicroneedlesPainSTAR particles

Identifiers

PMID40549079

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.