Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40549007›Full record

ArticleOsteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA2025

Global burden of low bone mineral density related fractures in pre- and post-menopausal women from 1990 to 2021, with projections to 2050.

Hongxin Wang, Youmin Zhao, Qian Liu, Zhou Jiang, Haolong Zhou, Qi Wang

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
9citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

9 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Genes · 2025
    Trial
  2. Women's musculoskeletal health: insights from the 2024 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine report on chronic conditions.Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research · 2026
    Review
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Hongxin WangDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, P.R. China.
Youmin ZhaoDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, P.R. China.
Qian LiuDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, P.R. China.
Zhou JiangDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, P.R. China.
Haolong ZhouDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, P.R. China.
Qi WangDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, P.R. China. wangqi_tj@hust.edu.cn.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8159-0270

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China 82273711Wuhan Municipal Health Commission WY22B06
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This study is the first to estimate the global burden of low bone mineral density related fractures (LBMD-fractures) in women by menopausal status from 1990 to 2021, with projections to 2050. The global burden of LBMD-fractures remains substantial, particularly among post-menopausal women. PURPOSE: To evaluate the global burden and spatiotemporal trends of low bone mineral density related fractures (LBMD-fractures) in pre- and post-menopausal women over the past 30 years, and provide projections to 2050.

methodsThe counts and age-standardized rates (ASRs) of deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) caused by LBMD-fractures were estimated using data from Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Temporal trends of ASRs from 1990 to 2021 were quantified using estimated annual percent changes. Health inequality and decomposition analyses were performed, and a Bayesian age-period-cohort model was applied to project LBMD-fractures burden among post-menopausal women to 2050.

resultsIn 2021, LBMD-fractures caused 1,358 deaths (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 983 to 1,602) and 298,253 DALYs (95% UI: 220,588 to 397,894) among pre-menopausal women globally. For post-menopausal women, there were 189,025 deaths (95% UI: 136,288 to 227,914) and 6,735,144 DALYs (95% UI: 5,253,930 to 8,436,635). Disease burden was higher in Asia, Europe and North America and relatively lower in Africa. Population growth was the most significant factor driving DALYs related to LBMD-fractures. Deaths and DALYs among post-menopausal women were projected to reach 397,537 and 14,350,582 by 2050, respectively, though no obvious changes in ASRs across 2022 to 2050.

conclusionsThe global burden of LBMD-fractures remains concerning, particularly among post-menopausal women. Efforts to reduce health inequalities associated with LBMD-fractures across countries and territories are necessitated.

Indexed as

Osteoporotic FracturesAdultAgedAged, 80 and overAge DistributionBone DensityDisability-Adjusted Life YearsFemaleForecastingGlobal Burden of DiseaseGlobal HealthHumansMiddle AgedOsteoporosis, PostmenopausalPostmenopausePremenopauseDeathDisability-adjusted life yearFractureGlobal burden of diseaseLow bone mineral density

Identifiers

PMID40549007

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.