ReviewUrologie (Heidelberg, Germany)2026
Modern management of BCG-refractory non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder.
Review in Urologie (Heidelberg, Germany), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundHigh-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is most commonly treated with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) as first-line therapy. However, in light of the ongoing BCG shortage in the United States, a significant need exists for alternative treatment options, both in the upfront setting as well as for patients with BCG-refractory disease. While radical cystectomy remains the gold standard for patients with BCG-refractory disease, many patients are unfit or unwilling to undergo this procedure. Several new agents, many with novel mechanisms of action, have been approved or are actively being investigated in this setting. MATERIALS AND
methodsArticles were chosen for review based on expert knowledge of the literature as well as on PubMed literature searches for the topics of focus. Appropriate articles were selected for inclusion by reviewing article titles, abstracts, and full texts.
resultsThere is ample evidence for emerging therapies in BCG-refractory NMIBC including systemic immunotherapy and various intravesical options, such as chemotherapy, gene therapy, and novel drug delivery systems. Radical cystectomy, however, remains the gold standard. Response rates and duration of response vary across treatment modalities, with complete response rates at any time ranging from 41% to 82%. Radical cystectomy should still be recommended to patients with high-risk features given the risks of recurrence, progression, upstaging, and occult lymph node metastases.
conclusionWhile radical cystectomy remains the standard of care for patients with BCG-refractory disease, many patients are unable or unwilling to undergo the procedure. Several novel therapies have been recently approved or are currently being investigated with overall promising early results.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.