ArticleACS omega2025
An Investigation into Coolant-Related Internal Diesel Injector Deposits from Heavy-Duty Vehicles.
Article in ACS omega, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The formation of internal diesel injector deposits (IDIDs) in heavy-duty engines is a growing problem as engine technology becomes more advanced while fuel blends become more diverse, posing new challenges for mixing and compatibility. IDIDs have a variety of causes that can be challenging to pinpoint due to the number of factors involved, such as engine operation effects, fuel types, fuel additives, and fuel contamination. The aims of this study were to characterize IDIDs formed in an injector from an engine operating on a biofuel blend contaminated with coolant, gain a deeper understanding of the underlying formation mechanisms, and identify potential markers of coolant contamination in failed field injectors. In this study, a failed injector from the field was examined that was known to have fuel contamination from coolant. Laboratory experiments using the thermal deposit test (TDT) were carried out to generate deposits from a test fuel spiked with coolant. The laboratory and field deposits were characterized and compared using scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), Fourier transform infrared attenuated reflectance spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR), and pyrolysis combined with gas chromatography (Py GC-MS). The results indicate that the deposits generated in the TDT were found to be primarily composed of sodium carboxylates originating from the organic acid technology additives in the coolant. The deposits were found to have structures with similarities to grease soaps, oleogels, or paraffin wax, suggesting that similar formation mechanisms may be involved. In contrast, the field injector deposits consisted of three distinct types: a cracked layer composed of sulfate salts and metal carboxylates, a globular cluster layer consisting of metal carboxylates, and particulate deposits that differ from the surroundings. The high proportion of sodium carboxylates in the globular cluster deposits was the key similarity to the laboratory deposits. In addition to the high sodium content, particulate deposits containing silicon and aluminum or aluminum and nitrogen were identified as potential markers of coolant contamination in IDIDs.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.