ArticleJournal of immunology research2025
Macrophage Transcriptomic Alterations Driven by Alphavirus-Based Cancer Immunotherapy Vectors.
Article in Journal of immunology research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Next-generation macrophage engineering in cancer therapy: From TAM reprogramming to CAR-macrophages.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2026Review
- Virus-based IFNγ gene delivery and photodynamic therapy cooperate to remodel the tumor microenvironment and suppress breast cancer.Molecular therapy. Oncology · 2026Article
- Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine prototype based on virus-like particles of hepatitis B core antigen from genotype G and interleukin 12 expressing Semliki Forest virus as a genetic adjuvant.The Journal of general virology · 2026Article
- Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in NSCLC: from immune surveillance to immunotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cancer cells promote the polarisation of tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) into pro-tumorigenic M2-like phenotype, contributing to cancer progression. Reprogramming TAMs by viral immunotherapy vectors represents a promising strategy for cancer therapy. However, the factors driving macrophage reprogramming into a tumour-suppressing M1-like phenotype in response to viral vectors remain unclear. Alphaviral vectors, such as Semliki Forest virus (SFV), indirectly influence macrophages through cancer cell infection, cytokine gene delivery and tumour microenvironment (TME) modulation. This study examines macrophage transcriptomic alterations induced by SFV vectors. Murine mammary cancer cells were infected with SFV delivering tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα) or interferon-γ (IFNγ) genes. Conditioned media from infected cells were used to treat bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) with subsequent analysis of the transcriptome. As a result, SFV-infected cancer cells significantly altered cytokine and chemokine profiles, reducing immunosuppressive factors (e.g., IL-10) and increasing inflammatory mediators (e.g., CXCL10 and CCL4). RNA sequencing revealed upregulation of genes associated with antigen presentation, interferon responses and M1 polarisation in macrophages treated with SFV/TNFα and SFV/IFNγ-conditioned media. SFV/IFNγ inhibited cancer-associated pathways (angiogenesis, glycolysis and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling) and enhanced cytotoxic lymphocyte (CTL) chemoattractants (CXCL9 and CXCL10). SFV/TNFα selectively upregulated
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.