Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40547464›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in public health2025

Evaluating the burden of caregivers of patients with visual impairment: a multicenter pilot study in Italian visual rehabilitation centers.

Gianni Virgili, Francesco Ferron, Federico Bartolomei, Ruth Van Nispen, Eliana Costanzo, Giovanni L Ciaffoni, Emanuela Rellini, Simona Turco, Marina Piepoli, Simona Di Pietro and 1 more

Abstract readMulticenter Study
In one paragraph

Article in Frontiers in public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. The Evolving Landscape of Vision Rehabilitation: Current Status and Future Directions.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026
    Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Gianni VirgiliDepartment of Neurofarba, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
Francesco FerronDepartment of Neurofarba, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
Federico BartolomeiIstituto dei Ciechi F. Cavazza, Bologna, Italy.
Ruth Van NispenDepartment of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Eliana CostanzoIRCCS - Fondazione Bietti, Rome, Italy.
Giovanni L CiaffoniIstituto dei Ciechi F. Cavazza, Bologna, Italy.
Emanuela RelliniNational Centre of Services and Research for the Prevention of Blindness and Rehabilitation of Low Vision Patients, IAPB Italia Onlus, Rome, Italy.
Simona TurcoNational Centre of Services and Research for the Prevention of Blindness and Rehabilitation of Low Vision Patients, IAPB Italia Onlus, Rome, Italy.
Marina PiepoliEye Clinic, Department of Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
Simona Di PietroAzienda Ospedaliera Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
Stefania FortiniNational Centre of Services and Research for the Prevention of Blindness and Rehabilitation of Low Vision Patients, IAPB Italia Onlus, Rome, Italy.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Introduction: Despite growing evidence that underscores the importance of the caregiver's role in the rehabilitation process, visual rehabilitation (VR) programs often overlook these needs. The aim of this pilot study is to investigate the caregiving burden (CB) among informal caregivers of visually impaired (VI) patients who attend Italian VR centers, setting the bases for large-scale research. Methods: Four Italian VR centers were involved. Demographic data and IADL (Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale) questionnaire to assess the degree of autonomy of VI patients were collected. Regarding the caregiver, the Italian validated version of the "Caregiver Burden Inventory (CBI)" was administered. Results: Fifty patients and their caregivers were included. The mean total CBI score was 23.6 points (SD 18.4), which is about the threshold for abnormal stress score. Moreover, 9 (18%) caregivers had scores ≥39, suggesting burn-out or mental disorder. The time-dependent (rho = 0.88), developmental (rho = 0.93), and physical burden (rho = 0.87) domains demonstrated the strongest correlations with overall CBI score. Furthermore, each additional hour of caring increased the score by 1.07 points ( Conclusion: In this pilot study in VI patients attending VR services, about one half of caregivers of VI patients experienced stress, with 1 in 5-6 suffering from burn-out or mental health issues. Larger studies should assess both the outcome and the resources needed to screen for CB, with care integrated in the patient rehabilitation pathway.

Indexed as

CaregiversCost of IllnessRehabilitation CentersVision DisordersActivities of Daily LivingAdultAgedAged, 80 and overFemaleHumansItalyMaleMiddle AgedPilot ProjectsSurveys and Questionnairescaregiver burdenCBIIADLItalian low visionvision impairmentvision rehabilitation

Identifiers

PMID40547464
PMCPMC12178843

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.