ArticleVaccine2025
COVID-19 vaccine (NVX-CoV2373 and NVX-CoV2540) doses and virus strain match impact sex- and age-specific immunity and protection in mice.
Article in Vaccine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Trimester-dependent vertical transmission of H5N1 influenza virus through placental and mammary routes impairs offspring development.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Sex differences in immune responses to viruses, bacteria and vaccines.Nature immunology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Sex and age impact immune responses to diverse vaccines. Using a preclinical mouse model, we investigated immune responses to a COVID-19 spike (S) protein-based vaccine and booster doses in adult (25 weeks) and aged (64 weeks) male and female C57BL/6 mice. Mice were intramuscularly vaccinated with either two doses of NVX-CoV2373 (Ancestral Wuhan-Hu-1) or two doses of NVX-CoV2373 followed by a booster of NVX-CoV2540 (Omicron BA.5) in 3-week intervals. Steroid concentrations, antibody titers, and immune cell frequencies in draining lymph nodes were quantified. Three weeks post-boost, subsets of mice were challenged with SARS-CoV-2 (Mu variant B.1.621) to measure cross-protection against an antigenically distinct strain. After two ancestral vaccine doses, adult females had greater binding antibody titers than either adult males or aged females, that were positively correlated with circulating estradiol concentrations. Adult females also had greater cross-neutralizing antibodies and had lower viral titers in respiratory tissues following live virus challenge than adult males. Aged mice, particularly males, had lower antibody titers and frequencies of B and follicular helper T cells than adult mice that were not cross-protective against B.1.621 challenge. Immunization with the BA.5 booster improved antibody responses and B and T cell frequencies in both adults and aged mice, eliminating sex and age differences in immunity and protection from SARS-CoV-2 challenge. These data highlight that there are limits to cross-protective immunity, particularly among males and aged individuals, that can be improved through booster doses that more closely match the challenge SARS-CoV-2 virus.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.