ReviewEndocrine2025
Differences in autoimmune thyroid diseases between females and males: the result of a complex interconnection of factors.
Review in Endocrine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Comorbidity Associations with Ocular Pain after Cataract Surgery: Overall and Sex-Stratified Analysis.AJO international · 2026Article
- Obesity-related thyroid reflections: from weight gain to weight loss.European thyroid journal · 2026Review
- Epidemiological Patterns and Determinants of Subclinical and Overt Hypothyroidism in a Clinical Cohort from the Hail Region, Saudi Arabia: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional and Cluster Analysis Study.Clinics and practice · 2026Article
- PD-1 inhibitors combined with tyrosine kinase inhibitor-associated hypothyroidism is a predictive factor for antitumor effectiveness in male patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.Oncology letters · 2026Article
- Low Dietary Iodine Intake and Sex-Specific Mortality in Kidney Transplant Recipients.Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN · 2026Observational
- Thyroid Monitoring and Amiodarone-Induced Thyroid Disease in Australian General Practice: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Clinics and practice · 2026Article
- Prevalence and associated factors of thyroid nodules in a health examination cohort: an ultrasound-based cross-sectional study using electronic health records.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeThe aim of this paper is to review the scientific evidence for the link between autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs) and sex, and the plausible causes of the female prevalence in AITDs.
methodsAn extensive literature search of published articles was conducted using online search engines.
resultsAITDs are more frequent in the female sex. Numerous studies have focused on the differences between males and females in their presentation of AITD and their response to therapy, sometimes with conflicting results. Several factors are considered to be responsible for the higher incidence of AITDs in females, crucial among which is the relationship between sex hormones and the immune system. In addition to hormones, there is also evidence that sex chromosomes, epigenetic factors, foetal microchimerism, the microbiota and endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) play an important role in the predisposition of females to AITDs.
conclusionThe prevalence of AITDs in the female sex appears to be attributable to numerous factors, the most important being the influence of sex hormones on the immune system.
Indexed as
Identifiers
40544184What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.