Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40542287›Full record

ReviewNature microbiology2025

Guidelines for preventing and reporting contamination in low-biomass microbiome studies.

Noah Fierer, Pok Man Leung, Rachael Lappan, Raphael Eisenhofer, Francesco Ricci, Sophie I Holland, Nicholas Dragone, Linda L Blackall, Xiyang Dong, Cristina Dorador and 20 more

Abstract readReviewConsensus Statement
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Nature microbiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 112 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
112citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

112 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
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  14. Microbiome and chronic pelvic pain in women: a mini-review.Human reproduction (Oxford, England) · 2026
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52 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

30 authors.

Noah FiererDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA. noah.fierer@colorado.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6432-4261
Pok Man Leung *Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5382-827X
Rachael Lappan *Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3543-8243
Raphael Eisenhofer *Centre for Evolutionary Hologenomics, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3843-0749
Francesco Ricci *Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2501-6925
Sophie I Holland *Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
Nicholas DragoneDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
Linda L BlackallSchool of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8848-7698
Xiyang DongKey Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9224-5923
Cristina DoradorLaboratorio de Complejidad Microbiana, Instituto Antofagasta and Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile.
Belinda C FerrariSchool of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5043-3726
Jacqueline GoordialSchool of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5005-673X
Susan P HolmesDepartment of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2208-8168
Fumio InagakiAdvanced Institute for Marine Ecosystem Change (WPI-AIMEC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohoma, Japan.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2887-6525
Tal KoremProgram for Mathematical Genomics, Department of Systems Biology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0609-0858
Simone S LiDepartment of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0073-3656
Thulani P MakhalanyaneDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8173-1678
Jessica L MetcalfDepartment of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8374-8046
Niranjan NagarajanYong Loon Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0850-5604
William D OrsiDepartment of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4094-5637
Erin R ShanahanSchool of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.
Alan W WalkerRowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5099-8495
Laura S WeyrichDepartment of Anthropology and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5243-4634
Jack A GilbertDepartment of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Amy D WillisDepartment of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2802-4317
Benjamin J CallahanDepartment of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8752-117X
Ashley ShadeVetAgro Sup, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Villeurbanne, France.
Julian ParkhillDepartment of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7069-5958
Jillian F BanfieldDepartment of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8203-8771
Chris GreeningDepartment of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. chris.greening@monash.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7616-0594

Funding

Department of Education and Training | Australian Research Council (ARC) DE230100542Department of Education and Training | Australian Research Council (ARC) DE250101210Department of Education and Training | Australian Research Council (ARC) FT240100502Department of Education and Training | Australian Research Council (ARC) SR200100005Department of Health | National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) APP1178715Human Frontier Science Program (HFSP) RGY0058/2022
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Numerous important environments harbour low levels of microbial biomass, including certain human tissues, the atmosphere, plant seeds, treated drinking water, hyper-arid soils and the deep subsurface, with some environments lacking resident microbes altogether. These low microbial biomass environments pose unique challenges for standard DNA-based sequencing approaches, as the inevitability of contamination from external sources becomes a critical concern when working near the limits of detection. Likewise, lower-biomass samples can be disproportionately impacted by cross-contamination and practices suitable for handling higher-biomass samples may produce misleading results when applied to lower microbial biomass samples. This Consensus Statement outlines strategies to reduce contamination and cross-contamination, focusing on marker gene and metagenomic analyses. We also provide minimal standards for reporting contamination information and removal workflows. Considerations must be made at every study stage, from sample collection and handling through data analysis and reporting to reduce and identify contaminants. We urge researchers to adopt these recommendations when designing, implementing and reporting microbiome studies, especially those conducted in low-biomass systems.

Indexed as

DNA ContaminationMetagenomicsMicrobiotaBiomassHumansSpecimen Handling

Identifiers

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.