Biotechnological breakthroughs in rice disease management: an overview from transgenics to CRISPR.

Rice production faces persistent challenges due to a plethora of infectious agents, which cause substantial economic losses and pose significant threats to food security. Effective management of rice diseases is hindered by the lack of resistant sources and the slow pace of conventional breeding, which often fails to keep up with the rapid evolution of pathogens. Although transgenic approaches have contributed to disease resistance, they are limited by regulatory hurdles and public concern over the use of genetically modified organisms. Emerging genome-editing technologies, particularly CRISPR/Cas systems, offer promising alternatives by enabling the precise modification of native genes involved in plant susceptibility. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated inactivation of negative defense regulators, such as SWEET and ERF family genes, conferred broad-spectrum disease resistance. This review discusses the use of CRISPR/Cas technologies in developing disease-resistant rice varieties, along with emerging approaches and databases relevant to genome editing in plant research. Furthermore, it also highlights recent developments in CRISPR-based diagnostics for pathogen detection and the regulatory frameworks for the commercialization of edited crops. Overall, it underscores the transformative potential of CRISPR technologies in developing elite, climate-resilient rice cultivars, thereby supporting sustainable disease management and global food security.