ReviewEar, nose, & throat journal2025
Cytokine Sampling in the Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses.
Review in Ear, nose, & throat journal, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- The adult nasal mucosa is defined by distinct immune profiles that modulate in-vitro SARS-CoV-2 infection.Respiratory research · 2026Article
- The adult nasal mucosa is defined by distinct immune profiles that modulate in-vitro SARS-CoV-2 infection.Research square · 2026Article
- Exploring associations between nasal fluid inflammatory proteins and patient-reported symptom burden in respiratory disease.Frontiers in allergy · 2026Article
- Assessment of Inflammation Control in Allergic Rhinitis and Chronic Rhinosinusitis.Journal of inflammation research · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundCytokines are crucial mediators in cell-to-cell communication, immune regulation, and the pathophysiology of rhinologic diseases. Distinguishing cytokine profiles can elucidate inflammation types [eg, T-helper type 1 (Th1), Th2, and Th17] and guide therapeutic options. Various methods for cytokine sampling in the sinonasal cavity exist. This review aimed to provide an in-depth review of these methods, including their advantages, limitations, and analytical techniques.
methodsA narrative literature review was conducted using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) keywords in PubMed and Google Scholar. Key MeSH terms include "cytokines," "mucus," "interleukins," "biomarkers," "sinonasal disease," "chemokines," "paranasal sinuses," and "sampling."
resultsThere are many different methods of cytokine sampling in the sinonasal cavity. Common methods include nasal lavage, forced exhalation, collection of nasal epithelial lining fluid, nasopharyngeal swab, cytobrush, sponge, suction, and tissue biopsy. Each method used has advantages and limitations, such as type of sample collected, location specificity, invasiveness, sample dilution and volume variability, and utility for downstream analytical assays.
conclusionsAdvancements in cytokine sampling and pharmacological targeting in sinonasal disease are instrumental for the diagnosis and management of patients with sinonasal disease. Understanding these methods' strengths and weaknesses can improve patient care and guide treatment development.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.