ArticleAlzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association2025
Lifespan exposures to rural-urban conditions and later-life cognitive function.
Article in Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Spatial heterogeneity and influencing factors of cognitive impairment among elderly hypertensive patients: evidence from rural communities in China.BMC geriatrics · 2026Article
- Childhood adversities and the exposome in dementia risk and brain health.Current opinion in psychiatry · 2026Review
- Association between education level and cognitive trajectories from midlife to late life: the mediating role of urban-rural residence.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- [Development and validation of a risk prediction model for cognitive impairment in rural elderly Chinese populations: evidence from the CHARLS study].Nan fang yi ke da xue xue bao = Journal of Southern Medical University · 2025Article
- Lifespan exposures to rural-urban conditions and later-life cognitive function.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionLimited research exists on life-course rural-urban residence and cognitive functions.
methodsThis study examines associations between rural-urban residence during childhood, adulthood, residential mobility (childhood to adulthood), and later-life cognitive outcomes among U.S. adults ≥65 years of age (N = 3073) from the Health and Retirement Study-Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol.
resultsLinear and logistic regression showed that childhood rural residence was associated with lower memory (standardized beta (β) = -1.68, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) [-2.39, -0.97]), executive function (β = -1.20, 95% CI [-1.84, -0.55]), and language fluency (β = -0.86, 95% CI [-1.64, -0.08]). Individuals living in rural areas in childhood had a higher risk for mild cognitive impairment (MCI; odds ratio [OR] = 1.31, 95% CI [1.02, 1.69]) and dementia/MCI (OR = 1.30, 95% CI [1.04, 1.62]). Compared to lifelong urban residents; residents who lived in rural areas during childhood and/or adulthood had lower cognitive function and a higher risk of MCI. DISCUSSION: Rural residence throughout the lifespan, especially during childhood, is linked to poorer later-life cognitive outcomes, underscoring the need for early targeted health care interventions to address rural-urban disparities. HIGHLIGHTS: Few studies have examined the timing of rural residence on cognitive health. Rural residence across the lifespan is associated with lower cognitive function. Childhood rurality is particularly associated with lower cognitive function.
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