Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40537888›Full record

ArticleJournal of sleep research2026

World of ScoreCraft: Novel Multi-Scorer Experiment on the Impact of a Decision Support System in Sleep Staging.

Benedikt Holm, Arnar Óskarsson, Björn Elvar Þorleifsson, Hörður Þór Hafsteinsson, Sigríður Sigurðardóttir, Heiður Grétarsdóttir, Kenan Hoelke, Gabriel Marc Marie Jouan, Thomas Penzel, Erna Sif Arnardottir and 1 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of sleep research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Benedikt HolmSchool of Technology, Department of Computer Science, Reykjavik University, Reykjavík, Iceland.ORCID 0000-0001-7213-2035
Arnar ÓskarssonSchool of Technology, Department of Computer Science, Reykjavik University, Reykjavík, Iceland.
Björn Elvar ÞorleifssonSchool of Technology, Department of Computer Science, Reykjavik University, Reykjavík, Iceland.
Hörður Þór HafsteinssonSchool of Technology, Department of Computer Science, Reykjavik University, Reykjavík, Iceland.
Sigríður SigurðardóttirSchool of Technology, Sleep Institute, Reykjavík University, Reykjavík, Iceland.ORCID 0000-0001-6327-8956
Heiður GrétarsdóttirSchool of Technology, Sleep Institute, Reykjavík University, Reykjavík, Iceland.
Kenan HoelkeSchool of Technology, Sleep Institute, Reykjavík University, Reykjavík, Iceland.
Gabriel Marc Marie JouanSchool of Technology, Department of Computer Science, Reykjavik University, Reykjavík, Iceland.
Thomas PenzelSleep Medicine Center, Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-4304-0112
Erna Sif ArnardottirSchool of Technology, Sleep Institute, Reykjavík University, Reykjavík, Iceland.ORCID 0000-0003-0877-3529
María ÓskarsdóttirSchool of Technology, Department of Computer Science, Reykjavik University, Reykjavík, Iceland.ORCID 0000-0001-5095-5356

Funding

Erasmus+European Union's Horizon 2020 Framework Programme 965417
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Manual scoring of polysomnography (PSG) is a time-intensive task, prone to inter-scorer variability that can impact diagnostic reliability. This study investigates the integration of decision support systems (DSS) into PSG scoring workflows, focusing on their effects on accuracy, scoring time and potential biases toward recommendations from artificial intelligence (AI) compared to human-generated recommendations. Using a novel online scoring platform, we conducted a repeated-measures study with sleep technologists, who scored traditional and self-applied PSGs. Participants were occasionally presented with recommendations labelled as either human- or AI-generated. As the goal of this study was to isolate the effect of perceived recommendation sources on scorer behaviour, all recommendations were human-generated. We found that traditional PSGs tended to be scored slightly more accurately than self-applied PSGs, but this difference was not statistically significant. Correct recommendations significantly improved scoring accuracy for both PSG types, while incorrect recommendations reduced accuracy. No significant bias was observed toward or against AI-generated recommendations compared to human-generated recommendations. These findings highlight the potential of DSSs to enhance PSG scoring reliability. However, ensuring the accuracy of the suggestions is critical to maximising its benefits. Future research should explore the long-term impacts of DSS on scoring workflows and strategies for integrating AI in clinical practice.

Indexed as

Artificial IntelligenceDecision Support Systems, ClinicalPolysomnographySleep StagesAdultFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedReproducibility of Resultsartificial intelligencedecision support systemscoring accuracysleep staging

Identifiers

PMID40537888
PMCPMC12856104

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.