Trial reportJournal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation2025
Modifying lumbar flexion pain thresholds in patients with chronic low back pain through visual-proprioceptive manipulation with virtual reality: a cross-sectional study.
Trial report in Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06750887 (Modifying Lumbar Flexion Pain Thresholds in Patients With Chronic Low Back Pain Through Visual-proprioceptive Manipulation With Virtual Reality), which is not on this map. Cited by 4 papers.
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The trial behind it
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Modifying Lumbar Flexion Pain Thresholds in Patients With Chronic Low Back Pain Through Visual-proprioceptive Manipulation With Virtual Reality: a Cross-sectional Study
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Development and validation of a clinical prediction model for acupuncture response in community-dwelling patients with chronic low back pain: a retrospective cohort study.BMC health services research · 2026Article
- Causal Brain Network Alterations Across Disease Stages in Herpes Zoster and Postherpetic Neuralgia.Journal of pain research · 2026Article
- Article
- Exploring the interplay between pain processing mechanisms, psychosocial factors, and functional outcomes in patients with chronic low back pain: an exploratory study.Annals of medicine · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
STUDY
designCross-sectional study.
backgroundMovement-evoked pain may serve as a protective response influenced by visual-proprioceptive cues signaling potentially threatening movements. This study aimed to assess the impact of manipulating visual-proprioceptive feedback using virtual reality (VR) during lumbar flexion on movement-evoked pain thresholds. Additionally, we explored whether individuals with elevated pain, kinesiophobia, and catastrophizing were more susceptible to visual-proprioceptive manipulation.
methodsFifty participants with non-specific chronic low back pain (cLBP) were included. We assessed lumbar flexion-evoked pain thresholds alongside pain levels, pain interference, kinesiophobia, and catastrophizing. Participants performed lumbar flexion movements in three conditions: (1) without VR (control, F), (2) with a virtual illusion shortening the perceived arm length by 20% (understated condition, F-), and (3) with a virtual illusion elongating arm length by 20% (overstated condition, F +). Range of motion (ROM) was measured using an electro-goniometer. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc tests examined differences among conditions, and three two-sample t-tests explored whether individuals with higher pain, kinesiophobia, and catastrophizing were more affected by visual-proprioceptive manipulation.
resultsUnderstating the flexion task (F-) led to a 5% increase in movement compared to the control (P = 0.04; 95% CI [0.6%, 10.7%]) and a 7% increase compared to the overstated condition (F +) (P < 0.001; 95% CI [2.6%, 11.6%]). Additionally, individuals with higher pain levels and pain interference, exhibited a more pronounced response to the understated condition (F-).
conclusionsManipulating visual-proprioceptive feedback through VR significantly influenced pain thresholds during lumbar flexion in cLBP patients. The understated condition (F-) extended pain-free movement, delaying pain onset. Furthermore, pain intensity and interference modulated susceptibility to visual feedback manipulation. These findings enhance our understanding of how visual-proprioceptive feedback influences pain perception and movement patterns in cLBP. They suggest new avenues for pain assessment, therapeutic interventions, and clinical strategies, particularly for individuals with high pain levels, interference, kinesiophobia, and catastrophizing.
trial registrationThis study was retrospectively registered in the ClinicalTrials.gov with identifier NCT06750887.
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