ArticleBMJ global health2025
The global economic burden of antibiotic-resistant infections and the potential impact of bacterial vaccines: a modelling study.
Article in BMJ global health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Influence of probiotics on faecal antibiotic resistome in neonates: a systematic review.Pediatric research · 2026Pooled it
- Length of hospital stay and associated treatment costs for patients with susceptible and antibiotic-resistantBMJ open · 2025Pooled it
- Women's Experiences of Recurrent UTIs: A Qualitative Study of Preventive Management and Decision Support Needs.Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy · 2026Article
- Article
- Antibiotic-Free Strategies for Managing Antimicrobial-Resistant Infections.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- [Development and integration of ASP assessment tools for bacteraemia and infections caused by multidrug-resistant microorganisms in paediatrics].Revista espanola de quimioterapia : publicacion oficial de la Sociedad Espanola de Quimioterapia · 2026Article
- Integrated poultry production as a reservoir ofMicrobial genomics · 2026Article
- Budget impact analysis of aztreonam-avibactam for metallo-β-lactamase carbapenem-resistant enterobacterales infections in China.Infection · 2026Article
- Mortality outcomes and economic burden of antimicrobial-resistant bacterial bloodstream infections in a Nigerian tertiary hospital.BMC microbiology · 2026Article
- Infection Prevention and Control in Türkiye: A Consensus Report from the 7th National Healthcare-Associated Infections Symposium.Infectious diseases & clinical microbiology · 2026Article
- Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting Bacterial Infections: A Broad Review of the Field.BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy · 2026Review
- Combating Antibacterial Resistance: The Integrative Role of Artificial Intelligence in Bio-Based Product Development.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Antimicrobial nanomaterials at the nanoscale: design principles, mechanisms, and global challenges.Nanoscale advances · 2026Review
- A Quality-by-Design Approach Based Formulation, Optimization, In Vitro and Ex Vivo Evaluation of Delafloxacin-Loaded Ethosomal Gel.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2026Article
- Repurposing flufenamic acid as a putative PmrB-directed adjuvant to restore colistin activity inMicrobiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Antibacterial consumption in public health facilities in Uganda: a trend analysis of national warehouse distribution data 2022-2024.JAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2026Article
- Operationalising Genomic Surveillance for Antimicrobial Resistance in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A One Health Perspective from Bangladesh.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Assessment of self-medication practices and its associated factors among undergraduate students of private universities in Banadir region, Somalia.BMC medical education · 2026Observational
- Antimicrobial Peptides Against Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria: Focus on Machine Learning.Infection and drug resistance · 2026Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionAntibiotic resistance (ABR) may increase hospital costs, utility loss and mortality risk per patient. Understanding these losses at national, regional and global scales is necessary for efficiently tackling ABR. Our aim is to estimate the global economic burden of antibiotic-resistant infections and the potential for bacterial vaccines to mitigate this burden.
methodsWe take healthcare system and labour productivity perspectives. Hospital cost-per-case and length-of-stay estimates were calculated through meta-analyses and reviewing published systematic reviews. Unit labour productivity losses were estimated through a human capital approach. Modelled estimates were used where secondary data were missing. Death and incidence data were combined with unit cost data to estimate the economic burden associated with ABR in 2019, and the potential costs averted (in 2019 US$) based on uptake scenarios of vaccines that currently exist or are likely to be developed.
resultsMultidrug-resistant tuberculosis had the highest mean hospital cost attributable to ABR per patient, the range was US$3000 in lower-income settings to US$41 000 in high-income settings, with carbapenem-resistant infections associated with a high cost-per-case of US$3000-US$7000 depending on syndrome. ABR was associated with a median value of US$693 billion (IQR: US$627 bn-US$768 bn) in hospital costs globally, with US$207 bn (IQR: US$186 bn-US$229 bn) potentially avertable by vaccines. Productivity losses were quantified at almost US$194 billion, with US$76 bn avertable by vaccines.
conclusionsThe economic burden of ABR is associated with high levels of hospital bed-days occupied, hospital spending and labour productivity losses globally and should, therefore, remain high on national and international policy agendas. Vaccines against
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